| Title |
Understanding sex biases in immunity
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Immunologic Research, January 2005
|
| DOI | 10.1385/ir:31:2:091 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Greg Nalbandian, Susan Kovats |
| Abstract |
The initiation and perpetuation of innate and adaptive immunity is dependent on the ability of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to sense inflammatory stimuli; produce cytokines; and internalize, degrade, and present antigens via surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes express estrogen receptors, indicating that the steroid sex hormone estrogen might directly modulate the function of these cells during immune responses. Sex-specific parameters of immune function have been identified during autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of infectious disease, which show sex biases in their incidence and manifestation; female immunity also varies as estrogen levels change. In this article, we summarize studies that demonstrate effects of estrogen on the differentiation or function of APCs in model in vitro systems, or under circumstances of natural or imposed variation in estrogen levels in vivo. |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 61 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 60 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 15% |
| Researcher | 9 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 9 | 15% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 7 | 11% |
| Student > Bachelor | 5 | 8% |
| Other | 12 | 20% |
| Unknown | 10 | 16% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 19 | 31% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 10 | 16% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 6 | 10% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 5% |
| Environmental Science | 3 | 5% |
| Other | 10 | 16% |
| Unknown | 10 | 16% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 9. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 12 January 2009.
All research outputs
#4,311,792
of 25,373,627 outputs
Outputs from Immunologic Research
#146
of 948 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#15,022
of 151,214 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Immunologic Research
#4
of 15 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,373,627 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 83rd percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 948 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 10.4. This one has done well, scoring higher than 84% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 151,214 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 90% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 15 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 73% of its contemporaries.