Inborn errors of coenzyme A metabolism and neurodegeneration

Ivano Di Meo, Miryam Carecchio, Valeria Tiranti

Two inborn errors of coenzyme A (CoA) metabolism are responsible for distinct forms of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases having as a common denominator iron accumulation mainly in the inner portion of globus pallidus. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), an autosomal recessive disorder with progressive impairment of movement, vision and cognition, is the most common form of NBIA and is caused by mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PANK2), coding for a mitochondrial enzyme, which phosphorylates vitamin B5 in the first reaction of the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Another very rare but similar disorder, denominated CoPAN, is caused by mutations in coenzyme A synthase gene (COASY) coding for a bi-functional mitochondrial enzyme, which catalyzes the final steps of CoA biosynthesis. It still remains a mystery why dysfunctions in CoA synthesis lead to neurodegeneration and iron accumulation in specific brain regions, but it is now evident that CoA metabolism plays a crucial role in the normal functioning and metabolism of the nervous system.