Title |
Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort
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Published in |
Genetics, June 2015
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DOI | 10.1534/genetics.115.178616 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Yambazi Banda, Mark N Kvale, Thomas J Hoffmann, Stephanie E Hesselson, Dilrini Ranatunga, Hua Tang, Chiara Sabatti, Lisa A Croen, Brad P Dispensa, Mary Henderson, Carlos Iribarren, Eric Jorgenson, Lawrence H Kushi, Dana Ludwig, Diane Olberg, Charles P Quesenberry, Sarah Rowell, Marianne Sadler, Lori C Sakoda, Stanley Sciortino, Ling Shen, David Smethurst, Carol P Somkin, Stephen K Van Den Eeden, Lawrence Walter, Rachel A Whitmer, Pui-Yan Kwok, Catherine Schaefer, Neil Risch |
Abstract |
Using genome-wide genotypes, we characterized the genetic structure of 103,006 participants in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California multi-ethnic Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort and analyzed the relationship to self-reported race/ethnicity. Participants endorsed any of 23 race/ethnicity/nationality categories, which were collapsed into 7 major race/ethnicity groups. By self-report the cohort is 80.8% white and 19.2% minority; 93.8% endorsed a single race/ethnicity group, while 6.2% endorsed two or more. PC and admixture analyses were generally consistent with prior studies. Approximately 17% of subjects had genetic ancestry from more than one continent, and 12% were genetically admixed considering only non-adjacent geographical origins. Self-reported whites were spread on a continuum along the first two PCs, indicating extensive mixing among European nationalities. Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian-European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos. Self-reported African Americans and Latinos showed extensive European and African genetic ancestry, and Native American genetic ancestry for the latter. Among 3,741 genetically-identified parent-child pairs, 93% were concordant for self-reported race/ethnicity; among 2,018 genetically-identified full-sib pairs, 96% were concordant; the lower rate for parent-child pairs was largely due to inter-marriage. The parent-child pairs revealed a trend towards increasing exogamy over time; the presence in the cohort of individuals endorsing multiple race/ethnicity categories, creates interesting challenges and future opportunities for genetic epidemiologic studies. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 18% |
Switzerland | 1 | 4% |
Congo | 1 | 4% |
Unknown | 21 | 75% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 23 | 82% |
Scientists | 3 | 11% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 7% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 2% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 180 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 38 | 21% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 36 | 19% |
Student > Master | 21 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 16 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 11 | 6% |
Other | 34 | 18% |
Unknown | 29 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 40 | 22% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 28 | 15% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 28 | 15% |
Psychology | 7 | 4% |
Neuroscience | 7 | 4% |
Other | 26 | 14% |
Unknown | 49 | 26% |