Glutathione Is the Resolving Thiol for Thioredoxin Peroxidase Activity of 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin Without Being Consumed During the Catalytic Cycle

José Rafael Pedrajas, Brian McDonagh, Francisco Hernández-Torres, Antonio Miranda-Vizuete, Raúl González-Ojeda, Emilia Martínez-Galisteo, C. Alicia Padilla, José Antonio Bárcena

A three-step catalytic cycle is common to all Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) despite structural and kinetic differences. The second step in 1-Cys type Prxs is a matter of debate since they lack an additional cysteine to play the resolving role as happens with the 2-Cys Prxs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of glutathione (GSH) in the thioredoxin dependent peroxidase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial Prx1p, a 1-Cys type Prx. The peroxidatic Cys91 residue of two Prx1p peptides can be linked by a disulfide, which can be reduced by thioredoxin and by GSH (Km=6.1 µM). GSH forms a mixed disulfide with the peroxidatic cysteine spontaneously in vitro and in vivo. Mitochondrial Trx3p deglutathionylates Prx1p without formation of GSSG, so that GSH is not consumed in the process. The structural unit of native Prx1p is a dimer whose subunits are not covalently linked, but a hexameric assembly of 3 disulfide-bound dimers can also be formed. GSH is presented as a protective cofactor of Prx1p, which is not consumed during the peroxidase reaction, but provides a robust mechanism as the "resolving cysteine" and efficiently preventing Prx1p overoxidation. GSH exerts these roles at concentrations well below those commonly considered necessary for its antioxidant and redox buffering functions. A 1-Cys peroxide scavenging mechanism operates in yeast mitochondria involving an autonomous glutathione molecule and the thioredoxin system, that could have universal validity. Prx1p is fairly well protected from overoxidation, questioning its role in a "floodgate" mechanism for H2O2 signaling.