| Title |
Metabolism of α-PHP and α-PHPP in humans and the effects of alkyl chain lengths on the metabolism of α-pyrrolidinophenone-type designer drugs
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Forensic Toxicology, May 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s11419-018-0428-7 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Shuntaro Matsuta, Noriaki Shima, Hidenao Kakehashi, Hiroe Kamata, Shihoko Nakano, Keiko Sasaki, Tooru Kamata, Hiroshi Nishioka, Akihiro Miki, Kei Zaitsu, Hitoshi Tsuchihashi, Munehiro Katagi |
| Abstract |
This study aims to investigate the urinary metabolites of two common α-pyrrolidinophenones (PPs), α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) and α-pyrrolidinoheptanophenone (α-PHPP). This report also aims to discuss the effects of alkyl chain lengths on the metabolism of PPs. Urinary metabolites of α-PHP and α-PHPP have been investigated by analyzing urine samples from their users (n = 13 each) by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry using reference standards of the metabolites synthesized in our laboratory. For both drugs, metabolites via reduction of the keto moiety (1-OH metabolites) and via oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring (2″-oxo metabolites) were identified, and those via oxidation of the terminal (ω) or penultimate (ω-1) positions of the alkyl chain were tentatively identified. Quantitative analysis indicated oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to be the major metabolic pathway for α-PHP (side chain R: hexyl), but ω or ω-1 oxidation was the major metabolic pathway for α-PHPP (R: heptyl). Comparison of their metabolic profiles with those of analogs with a longer or shorter side chain (studied previously for R: butyl, pentyl, and octyl) revealed that the alkyl chain length strongly influences the metabolic pathway. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the quantification of metabolites of α-PHP and α-PHPP in authentic urine specimens collected from the users using their reference standards synthesized. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 33% |
| Kenya | 1 | 33% |
| Unknown | 1 | 33% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 67% |
| Scientists | 1 | 33% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 28 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 28 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 4 | 14% |
| Other | 3 | 11% |
| Student > Master | 3 | 11% |
| Researcher | 3 | 11% |
| Student > Bachelor | 1 | 4% |
| Other | 3 | 11% |
| Unknown | 11 | 39% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | 5 | 18% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 3 | 11% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 7% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 2 | 7% |
| Psychology | 1 | 4% |
| Other | 3 | 11% |
| Unknown | 12 | 43% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 5. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 08 March 2023.
All research outputs
#6,311,615
of 23,462,326 outputs
Outputs from Forensic Toxicology
#72
of 390 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#108,951
of 331,880 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Forensic Toxicology
#4
of 17 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 23,462,326 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 72nd percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 390 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.3. This one has done well, scoring higher than 81% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 331,880 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 66% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 17 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 76% of its contemporaries.