| Title |
Macrophage polarization contributes to local inflammation and structural change in the multifidus muscle after intervertebral disc injury
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
European Spine Journal, June 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00586-018-5652-7 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Gregory James, Kathleen A. Sluka, Linda Blomster, Leanne Hall, Annina B. Schmid, Cindy C. Shu, Christopher B. Little, James Melrose, Paul W. Hodges |
| Abstract |
Intervertebral disk (IVD) lesion and its subsequent degeneration have a profound effect on the multifidus muscle. The subacute/early chronic phase of multifidus remodeling after IVD lesion has been proposed to be regulated by inflammatory processes. The balance between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages plays an important role in maintaining tissue integrity after injury. The localization, polarization of macrophage subtypes and their mediation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are unknown in paraspinal muscles during IVD degeneration. A sheep model of IVD degeneration was used to investigate the role of macrophages and TNF in the structural alterations that occur within the multifidus muscle. Anterolateral lesions were induced at L3-4 IVD in sheep. Multifidus muscle tissue at L4 was harvested 3 and 6 months after lesion and used for immunofluorescence assays to examine total macrophage number, macrophage polarization between M1 and M2, and to assess the localization of TNF expression in muscle, adipose and connective tissues from injured and naïve control animals. A greater proportion of M1 macrophages is present in muscle at both 3 and 6 months after IVD lesion, and adipose tissue at 6 months. Total number of macrophages is unchanged. At 6 months, expression of TNF is increased in adipose and connective tissue and the proportion of TNF expressed by M1 macrophages is increased. These data support the proposal that macrophages and TNF (pro-inflammatory cytokine) play an active role in the subacute/early chronic phase of remodeling in muscle, adipose and connective tissues of the multifidus during IVD degeneration. This presents a novel target for treatment. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 77 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Spain | 22 | 29% |
| Australia | 7 | 9% |
| United States | 4 | 5% |
| France | 2 | 3% |
| Canada | 2 | 3% |
| Mexico | 2 | 3% |
| Belgium | 2 | 3% |
| Brazil | 1 | 1% |
| Germany | 1 | 1% |
| Other | 8 | 10% |
| Unknown | 26 | 34% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 57 | 74% |
| Scientists | 16 | 21% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 4% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 51 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 51 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Other | 8 | 16% |
| Student > Bachelor | 8 | 16% |
| Researcher | 7 | 14% |
| Professor | 2 | 4% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 4% |
| Other | 10 | 20% |
| Unknown | 14 | 27% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 15 | 29% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 8 | 16% |
| Neuroscience | 4 | 8% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 2 | 4% |
| Sports and Recreations | 2 | 4% |
| Other | 6 | 12% |
| Unknown | 14 | 27% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 47. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 29 October 2019.
All research outputs
#914,447
of 25,758,211 outputs
Outputs from European Spine Journal
#68
of 5,349 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#19,528
of 342,645 outputs
Outputs of similar age from European Spine Journal
#2
of 86 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,758,211 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 96th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 5,349 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 4.2. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 98% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 86 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 97% of its contemporaries.