| Title |
Inflammation and blood-brain barrier breach remote from the primary injury following neurotrauma
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Journal of Neuroinflammation, July 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1186/s12974-018-1227-0 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Nicole M. Smith, Marcus K. Giacci, Alexander Gough, Charlotte Bailey, Terence McGonigle, Anna M. B. Black, Thomas O. Clarke, Carole A. Bartlett, K. Swaminathan Iyer, Sarah A. Dunlop, Melinda Fitzgerald |
| Abstract |
Following injury to the central nervous system, increased microglia, secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and altered blood-brain barrier permeability, a hallmark of degeneration, are observed at and immediately adjacent to the injury site. However, few studies investigate how regions remote from the primary injury could also suffer from inflammation and secondary degeneration. Adult female Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG) rats underwent partial transection of the right optic nerve, with normal, age-matched, unoperated animals as controls. Perfusion-fixed brains and right optic nerves were harvested for immunohistochemical assessment of inflammatory markers and blood-brain barrier integrity; fresh-frozen brains were used for multiplex cytokine analysis. Immediately ventral to the optic nerve injury, immunointensity of both the pro-inflammatory biomarker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the anti-inflammatory biomarker arginase-1 (Arg1) increased at 7 days post-injury, with colocalization of iNOS and Arg1 immunoreactivity within individual cells. CD11b+ and CD45+ cells were increased 7 days post-injury, with altered BBB permeability still evident at this time. In the lower and middle optic tract and superior colliculus, IBA1+ resident microglia were first increased at 3 days; ED1+ and CD11b+ cells were first increased in the middle and upper tract and superior colliculus 7 days post-injury. Increased fibrinogen immunoreactivity indicative of altered BBB permeability was first observed in the contralateral upper tract at 3 days and middle tract at 7 days post-injury. Multiplex cytokine analysis of brain homogenates indicated significant increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and TNFα, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 1 day post-injury, decreasing to control levels at 3 days for TNFα and 7 days for IL-2. IL-10 was significantly elevated at 1 and 7 days post-injury with a dip at 3 days post-injury. Partial injury to the optic nerve induces a complex remote inflammatory response, characterized by rapidly increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in brain homogenates, increased numbers of IBA1+ cells throughout the visual pathways, and increased CD11b+ and ED1+ inflammatory cells, particularly towards the synaptic terminals. BBB permeability can increase prior to inflammatory cell infiltration, dependent on the brain region. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 2 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | 2 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 50% |
| Scientists | 1 | 50% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 56 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 56 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 10 | 18% |
| Student > Bachelor | 9 | 16% |
| Researcher | 7 | 13% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 7% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 4 | 7% |
| Other | 8 | 14% |
| Unknown | 14 | 25% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Neuroscience | 21 | 38% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 9% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 4 | 7% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 7% |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 1 | 2% |
| Other | 5 | 9% |
| Unknown | 16 | 29% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 08 July 2018.
All research outputs
#13,931,319
of 23,094,276 outputs
Outputs from Journal of Neuroinflammation
#1,512
of 2,662 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#175,737
of 327,720 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Journal of Neuroinflammation
#30
of 56 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 23,094,276 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 38th percentile – i.e., 38% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 56 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 46th percentile – i.e., 46% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.