Title |
Staging Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association
|
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Published in |
Diabetes Care, September 2015
|
DOI | 10.2337/dc15-1419 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Richard A. Insel, Jessica L. Dunne, Mark A. Atkinson, Jane L. Chiang, Dana Dabelea, Peter A. Gottlieb, Carla J. Greenbaum, Kevan C. Herold, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Åke Lernmark, Robert E. Ratner, Marian J. Rewers, Desmond A. Schatz, Jay S. Skyler, Jay M. Sosenko, Anette-G. Ziegler |
Abstract |
Insights from prospective, longitudinal studies of individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes have demonstrated that the disease is a continuum that progresses sequentially at variable but predictable rates through distinct identifiable stages prior to the onset of symptoms. Stage 1 is defined as the presence of β-cell autoimmunity as evidenced by the presence of two or more islet autoantibodies with normoglycemia and is presymptomatic, stage 2 as the presence of β-cell autoimmunity with dysglycemia and is presymptomatic, and stage 3 as onset of symptomatic disease. Adoption of this staging classification provides a standardized taxonomy for type 1 diabetes and will aid the development of therapies and the design of clinical trials to prevent symptomatic disease, promote precision medicine, and provide a framework for an optimized benefit/risk ratio that will impact regulatory approval, reimbursement, and adoption of interventions in the early stages of type 1 diabetes to prevent symptomatic disease. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 20 | 39% |
United Kingdom | 5 | 10% |
Australia | 3 | 6% |
Spain | 3 | 6% |
Canada | 2 | 4% |
Tanzania, United Republic of | 1 | 2% |
Italy | 1 | 2% |
Switzerland | 1 | 2% |
Armenia | 1 | 2% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 14 | 27% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 32 | 63% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 9 | 18% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 5 | 10% |
Scientists | 5 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | <1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 801 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 91 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 89 | 11% |
Student > Master | 85 | 11% |
Researcher | 78 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 48 | 6% |
Other | 131 | 16% |
Unknown | 281 | 35% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 204 | 25% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 81 | 10% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 40 | 5% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 32 | 4% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 31 | 4% |
Other | 115 | 14% |
Unknown | 300 | 37% |