| Title |
A comparison of the abuse liability and dependence potential of nicotine patch, gum, spray and inhaler
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Psychopharmacology, April 2000
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s002130000382 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
R. West, Peter Hajek, Jonathan Foulds, Fredrik Nilsson, Sylvia May, Anna Meadows |
| Abstract |
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in varying forms is becoming widely used. Clinicians, therapists and regulatory authorities are interested in the abuse liability and dependence potential of the different forms. To compare the abuse liability and dependence potential of nicotine gum, transdermal patch, spray and inhaler. 504 male and female smokers seeking help with stopping smoking were randomly allocated to the four products. Measures were taken at the designated quit date, then 1 week, 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 15 weeks later. Smokers were advised to use the product for up to 12 weeks. Those still using the product at the 12-week visit were advised to cease use by week 14. Measures included: pleasantness and satisfaction ratings at weeks 1 and 4 (used as a marker of abuse liability); ratings of feeling dependent on NRT at weeks 1, 4, 12 and 15 (used as a marker of subjective dependence); mood and physical symptoms ratings at weeks 12 and 15 (the change being used to assess physical dependence on NRT), continued usage of NRT at week 15 (used as an marker of behavioural dependence). Average ratings of pleasantness were low. The nicotine patch was rated as less unpleasant to use than all other products. There were no significant differences between the products in terms of satisfaction or subjective dependence except at week 15 when no patch users rated themselves as dependent. Continued use of NRT at week 15 was related to rate of delivery of nicotine from the products - 2% for patch, 7% for gum and inhaler, 10% for spray (P<0.05 for linear association). Among those |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 4 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2 | 50% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 25% |
| Unknown | 1 | 25% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 50% |
| Scientists | 1 | 25% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 72 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2 | 3% |
| Denmark | 1 | 1% |
| Brazil | 1 | 1% |
| Unknown | 68 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Other | 10 | 14% |
| Researcher | 10 | 14% |
| Professor | 9 | 13% |
| Student > Bachelor | 7 | 10% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 7 | 10% |
| Other | 12 | 17% |
| Unknown | 17 | 24% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 16 | 22% |
| Psychology | 13 | 18% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 8% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 7% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 4% |
| Other | 5 | 7% |
| Unknown | 24 | 33% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 11. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 21 January 2022.
All research outputs
#3,221,844
of 25,371,288 outputs
Outputs from Psychopharmacology
#782
of 5,320 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#3,210
of 40,967 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Psychopharmacology
#5
of 34 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,371,288 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 87th percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 5,320 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 12.0. This one has done well, scoring higher than 85% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 40,967 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 34 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 85% of its contemporaries.