Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Machine Learning-Based Quantitative Computed Tomography Texture Analysis for Prediction of Fuhrman Nuclear Grade

Ceyda Turan Bektas, Burak Kocak, Aytul Hande Yardimci, Mehmet Hamza Turkcanoglu, Ugur Yucetas, Sevim Baykal Koca, Cagri Erdim, Ozgur Kilickesmez

To evaluate the performance of quantitative computed tomography (CT) texture analysis using different machine learning (ML) classifiers for discriminating low and high nuclear grade clear cell renal cell carcinomas (cc-RCCs). This retrospective study included 53 patients with pathologically proven 54 cc-RCCs (31 low-grade [grade 1 or 2]; 23 high-grade [grade 3 or 4]). In one patient, two synchronous cc-RCCs were included in the analysis. Mean age was 57.5 years. Thirty-four (64.1%) patients were male and 19 were female (35.9%). Mean tumour size based on the maximum diameter was 57.4 mm (range, 16-145 mm). Forty patients underwent radical nephrectomy and 13 underwent partial nephrectomy. Following pre-processing steps, two-dimensional CT texture features were extracted using portal-phase contrast-enhanced CT. Reproducibility of texture features was assessed with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Nested cross-validation with a wrapper-based algorithm was used in feature selection and model optimisation. The ML classifiers were support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP, a sort of neural network), naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbours, and random forest. The performance of the classifiers was compared by certain metrics. Among 279 texture features, 241 features with an ICC equal to or higher than 0.80 (excellent reproducibility) were included in the further feature selection process. The best model was created using SVM. The selected subset of features for SVM included five co-occurrence matrix (ICC range, 0.885-0.998), three run-length matrix (ICC range, 0.889-0.992), one gradient (ICC = 0.998), and four Haar wavelet features (ICC range, 0.941-0.997). The overall accuracy, sensitivity (for detecting high-grade cc-RCCs), specificity (for detecting high-grade cc-RCCs), and overall area under the curve of the best model were 85.1%, 91.3%, 80.6%, and 0.860, respectively. The ML-based CT texture analysis can be a useful and promising non-invasive method for prediction of low and high Fuhrman nuclear grade cc-RCCs. • Based on the percutaneous biopsy literature, ML-based CT texture analysis has a comparable predictive performance with percutaneous biopsy. • Highest predictive performance was obtained with use of the SVM. • SVM correctly classified 85.1% of cc-RCCs in terms of nuclear grade, with an AUC of 0.860.