| Title |
Revisiting Immune Exhaustion During HIV Infection
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Current HIV/AIDS Reports, December 2010
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s11904-010-0066-0 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Alka Khaitan, Derya Unutmaz |
| Abstract |
Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection, yet the underlying triggers of immune activation remain unclear. Persistent antigenic stimulation during HIV infection may also lead to immune exhaustion, a phenomenon in which effector T cells become dysfunctional and lose effector functions and proliferative capacity. Several markers of immune exhaustion, such as PD-1, LAG-3, Tim-3, and CTLA-4, which are also negative regulators of immune activation, are preferentially upregulated on T cells during HIV infection. It is not yet clear whether accumulation of T cells expressing activation inhibitory molecules is a consequence of general immune or chronic HIV-specific immune activation. Importantly, however, in vitro blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 restores HIV-specific T-cell responses, indicating potential for immunotherapies. In this review we discuss the evolution of our understanding of immune exhaustion during HIV infection, highlighting novel markers and potential therapeutic targets. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 2 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 2 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 241 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 3 | 1% |
| Spain | 2 | <1% |
| France | 1 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 233 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 53 | 22% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 51 | 21% |
| Student > Master | 28 | 12% |
| Student > Bachelor | 25 | 10% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 17 | 7% |
| Other | 36 | 15% |
| Unknown | 31 | 13% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 61 | 25% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 58 | 24% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 45 | 19% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 21 | 9% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 4 | 2% |
| Other | 17 | 7% |
| Unknown | 35 | 15% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 53. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 02 December 2022.
All research outputs
#795,193
of 25,388,837 outputs
Outputs from Current HIV/AIDS Reports
#8
of 473 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#3,347
of 187,003 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Current HIV/AIDS Reports
#1
of 4 outputs
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