| Title |
Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Sports Medicine, November 2015
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s40279-015-0431-7 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Aryane Flauzino Machado, Paulo Henrique Ferreira, Jéssica Kirsch Micheletti, Aline Castilho de Almeida, Ítalo Ribeiro Lemes, Franciele Marques Vanderlei, Jayme Netto Junior, Carlos Marcelo Pastre |
| Abstract |
Cold water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in post-exercise recovery. However, the procedures involved in the technique may vary, particularly in terms of water temperature and immersion time, and the most effective approach remains unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of CWI in muscle soreness management compared with passive recovery. We also aimed to identify which water temperature and immersion time provides the best results. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro [Physiotherapy Evidence Database], and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were searched up to January 2015. Only randomized controlled trials that compared CWI to passive recovery were included in this review. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean differences (MDs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Nine studies were included for review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that CWI has a more positive effect than passive recovery in terms of immediate (MD = 0.290, 95 % CI 0.037, 0.543; p = 0.025) and delayed effects (MD = 0.315, 95 % CI 0.048, 0.581; p = 0.021). Water temperature of between 10 and 15 °C demonstrated the best results for immediate (MD = 0.273, 95 % CI 0.107, 0.440; p = 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % CI 0.102, 0.532; p = 0.004). In terms of immersion time, immersion of between 10 and 15 min had the best results for immediate (MD = 0.227, 95 % 0.139, 0.314; p < 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % 0.102, 0.532, p = 0.004). The available evidence suggests that CWI can be slightly better than passive recovery in the management of muscle soreness. The results also demonstrated the presence of a dose-response relationship, indicating that CWI with a water temperature of between 11 and 15 °C and an immersion time of 11-15 min can provide the best results. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 132 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Spain | 34 | 26% |
| United Kingdom | 12 | 9% |
| United States | 6 | 5% |
| Australia | 5 | 4% |
| Japan | 3 | 2% |
| Canada | 3 | 2% |
| Argentina | 2 | 2% |
| Chile | 2 | 2% |
| Netherlands | 2 | 2% |
| Other | 9 | 7% |
| Unknown | 54 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 100 | 76% |
| Scientists | 20 | 15% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 11 | 8% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 530 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 530 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 130 | 25% |
| Student > Master | 64 | 12% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 45 | 8% |
| Researcher | 33 | 6% |
| Other | 27 | 5% |
| Other | 91 | 17% |
| Unknown | 140 | 26% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Sports and Recreations | 181 | 34% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 69 | 13% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 61 | 12% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 2% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 12 | 2% |
| Other | 37 | 7% |
| Unknown | 157 | 30% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 308. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 19 March 2024.
All research outputs
#111,905
of 25,517,918 outputs
Outputs from Sports Medicine
#99
of 2,884 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#1,571
of 393,293 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Sports Medicine
#4
of 58 outputs
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