| Title |
Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Diabetologia, November 2011
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00125-011-2387-y |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
J. M. Fernández-Real, J. C. Pickup |
| Abstract |
In this edition of 'Then and now' the initial studies by J.C. Pickup and colleagues supporting the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is caused by activated innate immunity, published in Diabetologia in 1997 (40:1286-1292), are discussed. These initial findings led to research that has uncovered links between insulin resistance, obesity, circulating immune markers, immunogenetic susceptibility, macrophage function and chronic infection. Genetic variations leading to the altered production or function of circulating innate immune proteins, cellular pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory cytokines are linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Components of the innate immune system in the muscle, bone, liver and adipose tissue, as well as macrophages, have been revealed to play a role in systemic insulin action. Evolutionary pressures, such as acute infections at the population level (pandemics) and chronic low exposure to environmental products or infectious agents, may have contributed to increased susceptibility and to the current increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 5 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Montenegro | 1 | 20% |
| Guadeloupe | 1 | 20% |
| Unknown | 3 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 4 | 80% |
| Scientists | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 131 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
| United States | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 126 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 15% |
| Researcher | 19 | 15% |
| Student > Bachelor | 18 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 13 | 10% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 11 | 8% |
| Other | 28 | 21% |
| Unknown | 23 | 18% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 30 | 23% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 28 | 21% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 15 | 11% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 8 | 6% |
| Engineering | 4 | 3% |
| Other | 15 | 11% |
| Unknown | 31 | 24% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 04 October 2022.
All research outputs
#14,030,622
of 24,564,172 outputs
Outputs from Diabetologia
#4,349
of 5,274 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#152,439
of 248,790 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Diabetologia
#39
of 54 outputs
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