| Title |
Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Memory & Cognition, December 2010
|
| DOI | 10.3758/mc.38.8.1087 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Stephan Lewandowsky, David T. W. Tang |
| Abstract |
Information that initially is presumed to be correct, but that is later retracted or corrected, often continues to influence memory and reasoning. This occurs even if the retraction itself is well remembered. The present study investigated whether the continued influence of misinformation can be reduced by explicitly warning people at the outset that they may be misled. A specific warning--giving detailed information about the continued influence effect (CIE)--succeeded in reducing the continued reliance on outdated information but did not eliminate it. A more general warning--reminding people that facts are not always properly checked before information is disseminated--was even less effective. In an additional experiment, a specific warning was combined with the provision of a plausible alternative explanation for the retracted information. This combined manipulation further reduced the CIE but still failed to eliminate it altogether. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 4 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1 | 25% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 25% |
| Unknown | 2 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 3 | 75% |
| Scientists | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 342 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 6 | 2% |
| Australia | 2 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Chile | 1 | <1% |
| Russia | 1 | <1% |
| Taiwan | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 330 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 68 | 20% |
| Student > Bachelor | 50 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 49 | 14% |
| Researcher | 27 | 8% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 24 | 7% |
| Other | 52 | 15% |
| Unknown | 72 | 21% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychology | 132 | 39% |
| Social Sciences | 45 | 13% |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 18 | 5% |
| Computer Science | 13 | 4% |
| Arts and Humanities | 9 | 3% |
| Other | 44 | 13% |
| Unknown | 81 | 24% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 116. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 07 January 2024.
All research outputs
#349,935
of 24,911,633 outputs
Outputs from Memory & Cognition
#23
of 1,629 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#1,391
of 192,459 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Memory & Cognition
#1
of 59 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 24,911,633 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 98th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 1,629 research outputs from this source. They typically receive more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 9.1. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 98% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 59 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.