Title |
A Systematic Review of the Definitions, Determinants, and Clinical Outcomes of Antimicrobial De-escalation in the Intensive Care Unit
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Published in |
Clinical Infectious Diseases, December 2015
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DOI | 10.1093/cid/civ1199 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Alexis Tabah, Menino Osbert Cotta, Jose Garnacho-Montero, Jeroen Schouten, Jason A Roberts, Jeffrey Lipman, Mark Tacey, Jean-François Timsit, Marc Leone, Jean Ralph Zahar, Jan J De Waele |
Abstract |
De-escalation (DE) is a strategy to reduce the spectrum of antimicrobials and aims to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance. We present a systematic review describing the definitions, determinants and outcomes associated with DE. We included 2 RCTs and 12 cohort studies. There was considerable variability in the definition of DE. It was more frequently performed in patients with broad-spectrum and/or appropriate antimicrobial therapy (p=0.05 to 0.002), when more agents were used (p=0.002), in the absence of MDR pathogens (p<0.05). Where investigated, lower or improving severity scores were consistently associated with DE (p=0.04 to <0.001). The pooled effect of DE on mortality is protective (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52-0.88). As the determinants of DE are markers of clinical improvement and/or of lower risk of treatment failure this effect on mortality cannot be retained as evidence. None of the studies were designed to investigate the effect of DE on antimicrobial resistance. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 9 | 16% |
United Kingdom | 7 | 13% |
Spain | 5 | 9% |
South Africa | 3 | 5% |
Australia | 2 | 4% |
Canada | 2 | 4% |
Colombia | 1 | 2% |
Brazil | 1 | 2% |
Belgium | 1 | 2% |
Other | 2 | 4% |
Unknown | 22 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 33 | 60% |
Scientists | 13 | 24% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 8 | 15% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Japan | 2 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Argentina | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 233 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Researcher | 29 | 12% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 23 | 10% |
Other | 20 | 8% |
Student > Postgraduate | 19 | 8% |
Student > Master | 19 | 8% |
Other | 55 | 23% |
Unknown | 72 | 30% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Medicine and Dentistry | 96 | 41% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 23 | 10% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 9 | 4% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 6 | 3% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 6 | 3% |
Other | 22 | 9% |
Unknown | 75 | 32% |