| Title |
Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, April 2011
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
K. Deventer, K. Roels, F. T. Delbeke, P. Van Eenoo |
| Abstract |
This paper reviews the prevalence of legal and illegal stimulants in relation to doping-control analysis. Stimulants are among the oldest classes of doping agents, having been used since ancient times. Despite the ease with which they can be detected and the availability of sensitive detection methods, stimulants are still popular among athletes. Indeed, they remain one of the top three most popular classes of prohibited substances. Because the list of legal and illegal stimulants is extensive only a selection is discussed in detail. The compounds selected are caffeine, ephedrines, amphetamine and related compounds, methylphenidate, cocaine, strychnine, modafinil, adrafinil, 4-methyl-2-hexaneamine, and sibutramine. These compounds are mainly prevalent in sport or are of therapeutic importance. Because stimulants are the oldest doping class the first detection methods were for this group. Several early detection techniques including GC-NPD, GC-ECD, and TLC are highlighted. The more novel detection techniques GC-MS and LC-MS are also discussed in detail. In particular, the last technique has been shown to enable successful detection of stimulants difficult to detect by GC-MS or for stimulants previously undetectable. Because stimulants are also regularly detected in nutritional (food) supplements a section on this topic is also included. |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 98 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Portugal | 1 | 1% |
| Australia | 1 | 1% |
| Israel | 1 | 1% |
| Russia | 1 | 1% |
| Poland | 1 | 1% |
| Unknown | 93 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 20 | 20% |
| Student > Master | 13 | 13% |
| Researcher | 10 | 10% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 10 | 10% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 7 | 7% |
| Other | 20 | 20% |
| Unknown | 18 | 18% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 17 | 17% |
| Chemistry | 16 | 16% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 11 | 11% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 10 | 10% |
| Sports and Recreations | 10 | 10% |
| Other | 11 | 11% |
| Unknown | 23 | 23% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 28 April 2020.
All research outputs
#8,681,963
of 25,728,855 outputs
Outputs from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#2,254
of 9,730 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#45,246
of 121,434 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#28
of 85 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,728,855 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 43rd percentile – i.e., 43% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 9,730 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 3.1. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 55% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 121,434 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 26th percentile – i.e., 26% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 85 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 17th percentile – i.e., 17% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.