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Hepatitis B and C virus-induced hepatitis: Apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response

Overview of attention for article published in World Journal of Gastroenterology, January 2015
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Title
Hepatitis B and C virus-induced hepatitis: Apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response
Published in
World Journal of Gastroenterology, January 2015
DOI 10.3748/wjg.v21.i47.13225
Pubmed ID
Authors

Behzad Yeganeh, Adel Rezaei Moghadam, Javad Alizadeh, Emilia Wiechec, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Mohammad Hashemi, Bita Geramizadeh, Afshin Samali, Kamran Bagheri Lankarani, Martin Post, Payam Peymani, Kevin M Coombs, Saeid Ghavami

Abstract

To investigate the co-incidence of apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response (UPR) in hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infected hepatocytes. We performed immunofluorescence confocal microscopy on 10 liver biopsies from HBV and HCV patients and tissue microarrays of HBV positive liver samples. We used specific antibodies for LC3β, cleaved caspase-3, BIP (GRP78), and XBP1 to detect autophagy, apoptosis and UPR, respectively. Anti-HCV NS3 and anti-HBs antibodies were also used to confirm infection. We performed triple blind counting of events to determine the co-incidence of autophagy (LC3β punctuate), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and unfolded protein response (GRP78) with HBV and HCV infection in hepatocytes. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software for Windows (Version 16 SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States). P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed with Mann-Whitney test to compare incidence rates for autophagy, apoptosis, and UPR in HBV- and HCV-infected cells and adjacent non-infected cells. Our results showed that infection of hepatocytes with either HBV and HCV induces significant increase (P < 0.001) in apoptosis (cleavage of caspase-3), autophagy (LC3β punctate), and UPR (increase in GRP78 expression) in the HCV- and HBV-infected cells, as compared to non-infected cells of the same biopsy sections. Our tissue microarray immunohistochemical expression analysis of LC3β in HBV(Neg) and HBV(Pos) revealed that majority of HBV-infected hepatocytes display strong positive staining for LC3β. Interestingly, although XBP splicing in HBV-infected cells was significantly higher (P < 0.05), our analyses show a slight increase of XBP splicing was in HCV-infected cells (P > 0.05). Furthermore, our evaluation of patients with HBV and HCV infection based on stage and grade of the liver diseases revealed no correlation between these pathological findings and induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. The results of this study indicate that HCV and HBV infection activates apoptosis, autophagy and UPR, but slightly differently by each virus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the interconnections between these pathways in relation to pathology of HCV and HBV in the liver tissue.

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Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 43 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
Unknown 43 100%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Researcher 8 19%
Student > Doctoral Student 7 16%
Student > Ph. D. Student 6 14%
Professor 4 9%
Student > Postgraduate 4 9%
Other 7 16%
Unknown 7 16%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 11 26%
Medicine and Dentistry 8 19%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 5 12%
Immunology and Microbiology 4 9%
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science 2 5%
Other 4 9%
Unknown 9 21%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 16 June 2016.
All research outputs
#16,722,913
of 25,377,790 outputs
Outputs from World Journal of Gastroenterology
#4,733
of 7,561 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#209,931
of 359,549 outputs
Outputs of similar age from World Journal of Gastroenterology
#314
of 659 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,377,790 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 32nd percentile – i.e., 32% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 7,561 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.9. This one is in the 35th percentile – i.e., 35% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 359,549 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 38th percentile – i.e., 38% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 659 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 50% of its contemporaries.