| Title |
The anatomy and innervation of the mammalian pineal gland
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Cell and Tissue Research, January 2014
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00441-002-0580-5 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Morten Møller, Florian M. Baeres |
| Abstract |
The parenchymal cells of the mammalian pineal gland are the hormone-producing pinealocytes and the interstitial cells. In addition, perivascular phagocytes are present. The phagocytes share antigenic properties with microglial and antigen-presenting cells. In certain species, the pineal gland also contains neurons and/or neuron-like peptidergic cells. The peptidergic cells might influence the pinealocyte by a paracrine secretion of the peptide. Nerve fibers innervating the mammalian pineal gland originate from perikarya located in the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion and the parasympathetic sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. The sympathetic nerve fibers contain norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y as neurotransmitters. The parasympathetic nerve fibers contain vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine. Recently, neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, containing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, have been shown to project to the mammalian pineal gland. Finally, nerve fibers originating from perikarya located in the brain containing, for example, GABA, orexin, serotonin, histamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin innervate the pineal gland directly via the pineal stalk. Biochemical studies have demonstrated numerous receptors on the pinealocyte cell membrane, which are able to bind the neurotransmitters located in the pinealopetal nerve fibers. These findings indicate that the mammalian pinealocyte can be influenced by a plethora of neurotransmitters. |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 152 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 3 | 2% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Poland | 1 | <1% |
| Chile | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 146 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 23 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 17 | 11% |
| Researcher | 15 | 10% |
| Student > Bachelor | 12 | 8% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 11 | 7% |
| Other | 38 | 25% |
| Unknown | 36 | 24% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 31 | 20% |
| Neuroscience | 25 | 16% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 23 | 15% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 14 | 9% |
| Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 5 | 3% |
| Other | 12 | 8% |
| Unknown | 42 | 28% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 December 2023.
All research outputs
#7,862,539
of 23,839,820 outputs
Outputs from Cell and Tissue Research
#527
of 2,279 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#94,525
of 311,249 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Cell and Tissue Research
#8
of 25 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 23,839,820 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 44th percentile – i.e., 44% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 2,279 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 3.3. This one is in the 45th percentile – i.e., 45% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 25 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 28th percentile – i.e., 28% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.