Title |
Does the Environment Have an Enduring Effect on ADHD? A Longitudinal Study of Monozygotic Twin Differences in Children
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Published in |
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, March 2016
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DOI | 10.1007/s10802-016-0145-9 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Luisa T. Livingstone, William L. Coventry, Robin P. Corley, Erik G. Willcutt, Stefan Samuelsson, Richard K. Olson, Brian Byrne |
Abstract |
Environmental factors play a key role in the development of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but the long-term effects of these factors are still unclear. This study analyses data from 1024 monozygotic (identical) twins in Australia, the United States, and Scandinavia who were assessed for ADHD in Preschool, Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. Differences within each twin pair were used as a direct measure of non-shared environmental effects. The Trait-State-Occasion (TSO) model developed by Cole et al. (Psychological Methods, 10, 3-20, 2005) was used to separate the non-shared environmental effects into stable factors, and transient factors that excluded measurement error. Stable factors explained, on average, 44 % and 39 % of the environmental variance in hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms, respectively. Transient effects explained the remaining 56 % and 60 % of variance. The proportion of stable variance was higher than expected based on previous research, suggesting promise for targeted interventions if future research identifies these stable risk factors. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
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United States | 1 | 25% |
Unknown | 3 | 75% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 4 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
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United States | 2 | 2% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 122 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Master | 18 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 14% |
Researcher | 17 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 11 | 9% |
Student > Postgraduate | 7 | 6% |
Other | 22 | 18% |
Unknown | 32 | 26% |
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Psychology | 38 | 30% |
Social Sciences | 8 | 6% |
Neuroscience | 7 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 6 | 5% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 6 | 5% |
Other | 20 | 16% |
Unknown | 40 | 32% |