Understanding autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders through experimental translational neurobehavioral models

Judith R. Homberg, Evan J. Kyzar, Michael Nguyen, William H. Norton, Julian Pittman, Manoj K. Poudel, Siddharth Gaikwad, Shun Nakamura, Mamiko Koshiba, Hideo Yamanouchi, Maria Luisa Scattoni, Jeremy F.P. Ullman, David M. Diamond, Aleksandra A. Kaluyeva, Matthew O. Parker, Victor M. Klimenko, Sergey A. Apryatin, Richard E. Brown, Cai Song, Raul R. Gainetdinov, Irving I. Gottesman, Allan V. Kalueff

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are highly prevalent and severely debilitating brain illnesses caused by aberrant brain growth and development. Resulting in cognitive, social, motor, language and affective disabilities, common NDDs include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, communication/speech disorders, motor/tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Affecting neurogenesis, glia/neuronal proliferation and migration, synapse formation and myelination, aberrant neural development occurs over a substantial period of time. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a key role in NDD pathogenesis. Animal models are an indispensable tool to study NDDs. Paralleling clinical findings, we comprehensively evaluate various preclinical tests and models which target key (social, cognitive, motor) neurobehavioral domains of ASD and other common NDDs. Covering both traditional (rodent) and alternative NDD models, we outline the emerging areas of research and emphasize how preclinical models play a key role in gaining translational and mechanistic insights into NDDs and their therapy.