| Title |
Pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites in vitreous humor and blood in a living pig model
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Forensic Toxicology, April 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s11419-016-0315-z |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
André Gottås, Marianne Arnestad, Per Steinar Halvorsen, Liliana C. Bachs, Gudrun Høiseth |
| Abstract |
Vitreous humor (VH) is an alternative matrix for drug analysis in forensic toxicology. However, little is known about the distribution of xenobiotics, such as opioids, into VH in living organisms. The aim of this study was to simultaneously measure heroin and metabolite concentrations in blood and VH after injection of heroin in a living pig model. Six pigs were under non-opioid anesthesia during the surgical operation and experiment. Ocular microdialysis was used to acquire dialysate from VH, and a venous catheter was used for blood sampling. Twenty milligrams of heroin was injected intravenously with subsequent sampling of blood and dialysate for 6 h. The samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Heroin was not detected in VH; 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine were first detected in VH after 60 min. The morphine concentration in VH thereafter increased throughout the experimental period. For 6-MAM, C max was reached after 230 min in VH. In blood, 6-MAM reached C max after 0.5 min, with a subsequent biphasic elimination phase. The blood and VH 6-MAM concentrations reached equilibrium after 2 h. In blood, morphine reached C max after 4.3 min, with a subsequent slower elimination than 6-MAM. The blood and VH morphine concentrations were in equilibrium about 6 h after injection of heroin. In conclusion, both 6-MAM and morphine showed slow transport into VH; detection of 6-MAM in VH did not necessarily reflect a recent intake of heroin. Because postmortem changes are expected to be small in VH, these experimental results could assist the interpretation of heroin deaths. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 33% |
| Unknown | 2 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 67% |
| Scientists | 1 | 33% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 32 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 32 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 6 | 19% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 3 | 9% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 3 | 9% |
| Student > Bachelor | 3 | 9% |
| Other | 2 | 6% |
| Other | 3 | 9% |
| Unknown | 12 | 38% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 19% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 13% |
| Chemistry | 3 | 9% |
| Engineering | 2 | 6% |
| Psychology | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 3 | 9% |
| Unknown | 13 | 41% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 17 April 2020.
All research outputs
#16,702,059
of 25,351,219 outputs
Outputs from Forensic Toxicology
#217
of 407 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#179,242
of 307,917 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Forensic Toxicology
#9
of 12 outputs
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