Title |
High Rates of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HBV, HCV, HIV) Infections and Their Uncommon HBV Genotype/Subtype and HCV Subtype Distributions among Transgender Individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia
|
---|---|
Published in |
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, March 2016
|
DOI | 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.384 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Alfonsus Adrian Hadikusumo, Takako Utsumi, Mochamad Amin, Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa, Anittaqwa Istimagfirah, Rury Mega Wahyuni, Maria Inge Lusida, Soetjipto, Edhi Rianto, Juniastuti, Yoshitake Hayashi |
Abstract |
Transgender people are at high risk of sexually transmitted viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Moreover, Indonesia has a moderate to high rate of HBV infection and a rapid epidemic growth of HIV. Because hepatitis C virus (HCV) can co-occur with HBV and HIV, it was also evaluated in this study. Ten of 107 individuals (9.3%) were Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and/or HBV DNA positive, whereas nineteen of 101 individuals (18.8%) with negative HBsAg were Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)-positive. Seven of 107 individuals (6.5%) were anti-HCV positive, and sixteen of 100 tested samples (16%) were HIV positive. Genotype and subtype analyses of all ten HBV DNA (six HBsAg positive and four anti-HBc positive) strains showed that three were HBV genotype/HBsAg subtype C/adrq+, one was C/adw2, and five were B/adw2. The HCV subtype distribution showed that 33.3% were HCV-1b, and 66.7% were HCV-3k (n=6). These distributions differed from those found in the general population of Surabaya, Indonesia. The HIV subtype analysis showed that, interestingly, a high prevalence of HIV, with possible recombinants of CRF01_AE and subtype B, were found. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 44% |
Australia | 1 | 11% |
Indonesia | 1 | 11% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 11% |
Unknown | 2 | 22% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 8 | 89% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 11% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 48 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 7 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 6 | 13% |
Researcher | 6 | 13% |
Lecturer | 5 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 8% |
Other | 10 | 21% |
Unknown | 10 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 8 | 17% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 6 | 13% |
Psychology | 5 | 10% |
Social Sciences | 4 | 8% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 6% |
Other | 8 | 17% |
Unknown | 14 | 29% |