Title |
The global health burden of infection‐associated cancers in the year 2002
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Published in |
International Journal of Cancer, January 2006
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DOI | 10.1002/ijc.21731 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Donald Maxwell Parkin |
Abstract |
Several infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in humans. The fraction of the different types of cancer, and of all cancers worldwide and in different regions, has been estimated using several methods; primarily by reviewing the evidence for the strength of the association (relative risk) and the prevalence of infection in different world areas. The estimated total of infection-attributable cancer in the year 2002 is 1.9 million cases, or 17.8% of the global cancer burden. The principal agents are the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (5.5% of all cancer), the human papilloma viruses (5.2%), the hepatitis B and C viruses (4.9%), Epstein-Barr virus (1%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) together with the human herpes virus 8 (0.9%). Relatively less important causes of cancer are the schistosomes (0.1%), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (0.03%) and the liver flukes (0.02%). There would be 26.3% fewer cancers in developing countries (1.5 million cases per year) and 7.7% in developed countries (390,000 cases) if these infectious diseases were prevented. The attributable fraction at the specific sites varies from 100% of cervix cancers attributable to the papilloma viruses to a tiny proportion (0.4%) of liver cancers (worldwide) caused by liver flukes. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 2 | 9% |
Spain | 2 | 9% |
United States | 2 | 9% |
Mexico | 1 | 5% |
Tunisia | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 14 | 64% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 19 | 86% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 5% |
Scientists | 1 | 5% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 5% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 8 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 5 | <1% |
Spain | 4 | <1% |
South Africa | 3 | <1% |
France | 2 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Australia | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Ghana | 1 | <1% |
Other | 10 | <1% |
Unknown | 1464 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 248 | 17% |
Student > Master | 220 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 184 | 12% |
Researcher | 178 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 103 | 7% |
Other | 259 | 17% |
Unknown | 311 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 411 | 27% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 245 | 16% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 205 | 14% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 68 | 5% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 39 | 3% |
Other | 175 | 12% |
Unknown | 360 | 24% |