Title |
Beyond DNA Damage: Exploring the Immunomodulatory Effects of Cyclophosphamide in Multiple Myeloma
|
---|---|
Published in |
HemaSphere, April 2020
|
DOI | 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000350 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Dawn Swan, Mark Gurney, Janusz Krawczyk, Aideen E. Ryan, Michael O'Dwyer |
Abstract |
The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide has been used in the treatment of multiple myeloma for over 60 years. At low doses, cyclophosphamide also has significant immunomodulatory activity, which can be used to modify the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in order to augment responses to existing therapies. Immune-mediated therapies are becoming more widespread in modern approaches to myeloma treatment. In this review, we discuss the effects cyclophosphamide has on the immune system, and how it can be used synergistically with other treatment modalities including the immunomodulatory agents, monoclonal antibodies and cellular therapies. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Ireland | 3 | 23% |
United States | 3 | 23% |
Netherlands | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 6 | 46% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 8 | 62% |
Scientists | 3 | 23% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 8% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 38 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 5 | 13% |
Student > Master | 5 | 13% |
Other | 4 | 11% |
Researcher | 3 | 8% |
Lecturer | 2 | 5% |
Other | 7 | 18% |
Unknown | 12 | 32% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 18% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 6 | 16% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 3 | 8% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 5% |
Chemistry | 2 | 5% |
Other | 5 | 13% |
Unknown | 13 | 34% |