Title |
Reconstructing Native American population history
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nature, July 2012
|
DOI | 10.1038/nature11258 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
David Reich, Nick Patterson, Desmond Campbell, Arti Tandon, Stéphane Mazieres, Nicolas Ray, Maria V. Parra, Winston Rojas, Constanza Duque, Natalia Mesa, Luis F. García, Omar Triana, Silvia Blair, Amanda Maestre, Juan C. Dib, Claudio M. Bravi, Graciela Bailliet, Daniel Corach, Tábita Hünemeier, Maria Cátira Bortolini, Francisco M. Salzano, María Luiza Petzl-Erler, Victor Acuña-Alonzo, Carlos Aguilar-Salinas, Samuel Canizales-Quinteros, Teresa Tusié-Luna, Laura Riba, Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz, Mardia Lopez-Alarcón, Ramón Coral-Vazquez, Thelma Canto-Cetina, Irma Silva-Zolezzi, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez, Alejandra V. Contreras, Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria José Gómez-Vázquez, Julio Molina, Ángel Carracedo, Antonio Salas, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, David B. Witonsky, Gorka Alkorta-Aranburu, Rem I. Sukernik, Ludmila Osipova, Sardana A. Fedorova, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Claudia Moreau, Ramiro Barrantes, David Pauls, Laurent Excoffier, Gabriel Bedoya, Francisco Rothhammer, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Georges Larrouy, William Klitz, Damian Labuda, Judith Kidd, Kenneth Kidd, Anna Di Rienzo, Nelson B. Freimer, Alkes L. Price, Andrés Ruiz-Linares |
Abstract |
The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred by means of a single migration or multiple streams of migration from Siberia. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at a higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call 'First American'. However, speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan speakers on both sides of the Panama isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 9 | 14% |
United Kingdom | 6 | 9% |
Japan | 3 | 5% |
Canada | 3 | 5% |
France | 2 | 3% |
Uzbekistan | 1 | 2% |
Greece | 1 | 2% |
Brazil | 1 | 2% |
Spain | 1 | 2% |
Other | 3 | 5% |
Unknown | 36 | 55% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 51 | 77% |
Scientists | 10 | 15% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 5% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 24 | 2% |
Brazil | 12 | 1% |
Colombia | 8 | <1% |
Mexico | 6 | <1% |
Germany | 5 | <1% |
Argentina | 5 | <1% |
Canada | 5 | <1% |
Chile | 4 | <1% |
Portugal | 3 | <1% |
Other | 29 | 3% |
Unknown | 1020 | 91% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 230 | 21% |
Researcher | 216 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 157 | 14% |
Student > Master | 112 | 10% |
Professor | 63 | 6% |
Other | 231 | 21% |
Unknown | 112 | 10% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 449 | 40% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 170 | 15% |
Social Sciences | 93 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 51 | 5% |
Arts and Humanities | 50 | 4% |
Other | 167 | 15% |
Unknown | 141 | 13% |