Title |
Emergence of Fatal Avian Influenza in New England Harbor Seals
|
---|---|
Published in |
mBio, July 2012
|
DOI | 10.1128/mbio.00166-12 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
S. J. Anthony, J. A. St. Leger, K. Pugliares, H. S. Ip, J. M. Chan, Z. W. Carpenter, I. Navarrete-Macias, M. Sanchez-Leon, J. T. Saliki, J. Pedersen, W. Karesh, P. Daszak, R. Rabadan, T. Rowles, W. I. Lipkin |
Abstract |
From September to December 2011, 162 New England harbor seals died in an outbreak of pneumonia. Sequence analysis of postmortem samples revealed the presence of an avian H3N8 influenza A virus, similar to a virus circulating in North American waterfowl since at least 2002 but with mutations that indicate recent adaption to mammalian hosts. These include a D701N mutation in the viral PB2 protein, previously reported in highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses infecting people. Lectin staining and agglutination assays indicated the presence of the avian-preferred SAα-2,3 and mammalian SAα-2,6 receptors in seal respiratory tract, and the ability of the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes bearing either the SAα-2,3 or the SAα-2,6 receptor. The emergence of this A/harbor seal/Massachusetts/1/2011 virus may herald the appearance of an H3N8 influenza clade with potential for persistence and cross-species transmission. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 24 | 25% |
United Kingdom | 8 | 8% |
Canada | 3 | 3% |
Germany | 3 | 3% |
Netherlands | 3 | 3% |
Spain | 2 | 2% |
India | 1 | 1% |
France | 1 | 1% |
South Africa | 1 | 1% |
Other | 2 | 2% |
Unknown | 48 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 82 | 85% |
Scientists | 12 | 13% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 1% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 3% |
Belgium | 2 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Vietnam | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Other | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 185 | 92% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 46 | 23% |
Researcher | 45 | 22% |
Student > Master | 29 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 16 | 8% |
Other | 9 | 4% |
Other | 34 | 17% |
Unknown | 23 | 11% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 99 | 49% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 19 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 15 | 7% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 5% |
Environmental Science | 9 | 4% |
Other | 24 | 12% |
Unknown | 25 | 12% |