| Title |
SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, September 2020
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0239252 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Harvey W. Kaufman, Justin K. Niles, Martin H. Kroll, Caixia Bi, Michael F. Holick |
| Abstract |
Until treatment and vaccine for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) becomes widely available, other methods of reducing infection rates should be explored. This study used a retrospective, observational analysis of deidentified tests performed at a national clinical laboratory to determine if circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are associated with severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity rates. Over 190,000 patients from all 50 states with SARS-CoV-2 results performed mid-March through mid-June, 2020 and matching 25(OH)D results from the preceding 12 months were included. Residential zip code data was required to match with US Census data and perform analyses of race/ethnicity proportions and latitude. A total of 191,779 patients were included (median age, 54 years [interquartile range 40.4-64.7]; 68% female. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 9.3% (95% C.I. 9.2-9.5%) and the mean seasonally adjusted 25(OH)D was 31.7 (SD 11.7). The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was higher in the 39,190 patients with "deficient" 25(OH)D values (<20 ng/mL) (12.5%, 95% C.I. 12.2-12.8%) than in the 27,870 patients with "adequate" values (30-34 ng/mL) (8.1%, 95% C.I. 7.8-8.4%) and the 12,321 patients with values ≥55 ng/mL (5.9%, 95% C.I. 5.5-6.4%). The association between 25(OH)D levels and SARS-CoV-2 positivity was best fitted by the weighted second-order polynomial regression, which indicated strong correlation in the total population (R2 = 0.96) and in analyses stratified by all studied demographic factors. The association between lower SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates and higher circulating 25(OH)D levels remained significant in a multivariable logistic model adjusting for all included demographic factors (adjusted odds ratio 0.984 per ng/mL increment, 95% C.I. 0.983-0.986; p<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 positivity is strongly and inversely associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels, a relationship that persists across latitudes, races/ethnicities, both sexes, and age ranges. Our findings provide impetus to explore the role of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 1,821 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 208 | 11% |
| Brazil | 101 | 6% |
| United Kingdom | 90 | 5% |
| Spain | 73 | 4% |
| Canada | 40 | 2% |
| Argentina | 33 | 2% |
| Turkey | 32 | 2% |
| Poland | 32 | 2% |
| France | 26 | 1% |
| Other | 269 | 15% |
| Unknown | 917 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1639 | 90% |
| Scientists | 84 | 5% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 80 | 4% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 17 | <1% |
| Unknown | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 381 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 381 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 44 | 12% |
| Student > Master | 41 | 11% |
| Researcher | 37 | 10% |
| Other | 24 | 6% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 22 | 6% |
| Other | 64 | 17% |
| Unknown | 149 | 39% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 91 | 24% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 31 | 8% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 17 | 4% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 16 | 4% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 15 | 4% |
| Other | 50 | 13% |
| Unknown | 161 | 42% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1956. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 15 March 2024.
All research outputs
#4,863
of 25,748,735 outputs
Outputs from PLOS ONE
#49
of 224,371 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#260
of 430,633 outputs
Outputs of similar age from PLOS ONE
#1
of 2,895 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,748,735 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 99th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 224,371 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 15.8. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its peers.
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