Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Merryn Voysey, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Shabir A Madhi, Lily Y Weckx, Pedro M Folegatti, Parvinder K Aley, Brian Angus, Vicky L Baillie, Shaun L Barnabas, Qasim E Bhorat, Sagida Bibi, Carmen Briner, Paola Cicconi, Andrea M Collins, Rachel Colin-Jones, Clare L Cutland, Thomas C Darton, Keertan Dheda, Christopher J A Duncan, Katherine R W Emary, Katie J Ewer, Lee Fairlie, Saul N Faust, Shuo Feng, Daniela M Ferreira, Adam Finn, Anna L Goodman, Catherine M Green, Christopher A Green, Paul T Heath, Catherine Hill, Helen Hill, Ian Hirsch, Susanne H C Hodgson, Alane Izu, Susan Jackson, Daniel Jenkin, Carina C D Joe, Simon Kerridge, Anthonet Koen, Gaurav Kwatra, Rajeka Lazarus, Alison M Lawrie, Alice Lelliott, Vincenzo Libri, Patrick J Lillie, Raburn Mallory, Ana V A Mendes, Eveline P Milan, Angela M Minassian, Alastair McGregor, Hazel Morrison, Yama F Mujadidi, Anusha Nana, Peter J O’Reilly, Sherman D Padayachee, Ana Pittella, Emma Plested, Katrina M Pollock, Maheshi N Ramasamy, Sarah Rhead, Alexandre V Schwarzbold, Nisha Singh, Andrew Smith, Rinn Song, Matthew D Snape, Eduardo Sprinz, Rebecca K Sutherland, Richard Tarrant, Emma C Thomson, M Estée Török, Mark Toshner, David P J Turner, Johan Vekemans, Tonya L Villafana, Marion E E Watson, Christopher J Williams, Alexander D Douglas, Adrian V S Hill, Teresa Lambe, Sarah C Gilbert, Andrew J Pollard, Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group, Marites Aban, Fatola Abayomi, Kushala Abeyskera, Jeremy Aboagye, Matthew Adam, Kirsty Adams, James Adamson, Yemi A. Adelaja, Gbadebo Adewetan, Syed Adlou, Khatija Ahmed, Yasmeen Akhalwaya, Saajida Akhalwaya, Andrew Alcock, Aabidah Ali, Elizabeth R. Allen, Lauren Allen, Thamires C. D. S. C Almeida, Mariana P.S. Alves, Fabio Amorim, Foteini Andritsou, Rachel Anslow, Matthew Appleby, Edward H. Arbe-Barnes, Mark P. Ariaans, Beatriz Arns, Laiana Arruda, Paula Azi, Lorena Azi, Gavin Babbage, Catherine Bailey, Kenneth F. Baker, Megan Baker, Natalie Baker, Philip Baker, Lisa Baldwin, Ioana Baleanu, Danieli Bandeira, Anna Bara, Marcella A.S. Barbosa, Debbie Barker, Gavin D. Barlow, Eleanor Barnes, Andrew S. Barr, Jordan R. Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Louise Bates, Alexander Batten, Kirsten Beadon, Emily Beales, Rebecca Beckley, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Jonathan Bell, Duncan Bellamy, Nancy Bellei, Sue Belton, Adam Berg, Laura Bermejo, Eleanor Berrie, Lisa Berry, Daniella Berzenyi, Amy Beveridge, Kevin R. Bewley, Helen Bexhell, Sutika Bhikha, Asad E. Bhorat, Zaheda E. Bhorat, Else Bijker, Geeta Birch, Sarah Birch, Adam Bird, Olivia Bird, Karen Bisnauthsing, Mustapha Bittaye, Katherine Blackstone, Luke Blackwell, Heather Bletchly, Caitlin L. Blundell, Susannah R. Blundell, Pritesh Bodalia, Bruno C. Boettger, Emma Bolam, Elena Boland, Daan Bormans, Nicola Borthwick, Francesca Bowring, Amy Boyd, Penny Bradley, Tanja Brenner, Phillip Brown, Claire Brown, Charlie Brown-O'Sullivan, Scott Bruce, Emily Brunt, Ruaridh Buchan, William Budd, Yusuf A. Bulbulia, Melanie Bull, Jamie Burbage, Hassan Burhan, Aileen Burn, Karen R. Buttigieg, Nicholas Byard, Ingrid Cabera Puig, Gloria Calderon, Anna Calvert, Susana Camara, Michelangelo Cao, Federica Cappuccini, João R. Cardoso, Melanie Carr, Miles W. Carroll, Andrew Carson-Stevens, Yasmin de M. Carvalho, José A.M. Carvalho, Helen R. Casey, Paul Cashen, Thais Castro, Lucia Carratala Castro, Katrina Cathie, Ana Cavey, José Cerbino-Neto, Jim Chadwick, David Chapman, Sue Charlton, Irina Chelysheva, Oliver Chester, Sunder Chita, Jee-Sun Cho, Liliana Cifuentes, Elizabeth Clark, Matthew Clark, Andrea Clarke, Elizabeth A. Clutterbuck, Sarah L.K. Collins, Christopher P. Conlon, Sean Connarty, Naomi Coombes, Cushla Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Lynne Cornelissen, Tumena Corrah, Catherine Cosgrove, Tony Cox, Wendy E.M. Crocker, Sarah Crosbie, Lorraine Cullen, Dan Cullen, Debora R.M.F. Cunha, Christina Cunningham, Fiona C. Cuthbertson, Suzete N. Farias Da Guarda, Larissa P. da Silva, Brad E. Damratoski, Zsofia Danos, Maria T.D.C. Dantas, Paula Darroch, Mehreen S. Datoo, Chandrabali Datta, Malika Davids, Sarah L. Davies, Hannah Davies, Elizabeth Davis, Judith Davis, John Davis, Maristela M.D. De Nobrega, Lis Moreno De Oliveira Kalid, David Dearlove, Tesfaye Demissie, Amisha Desai, Stefania Di Marco, Claudio Di Maso, Maria I.S. Dinelli, Tanya Dinesh, Claire Docksey, Christina Dold, Tao Dong, Francesca R. Donnellan, Tannyth Dos Santos, Thainá G. dos Santos, Erika Pachecho Dos Santos, Naomi Douglas, Charlotte Downing, Jonathan Drake, Rachael Drake-Brockman, Kimberley Driver, Ruth Drury, Susanna J. Dunachie, Benjamin S. Durham, Lidiana Dutra, Nicholas J.W. Easom, Samual van Eck, Mandy Edwards, Nick J. Edwards, Omar M. El Muhanna, Sean C. Elias, Mike Elmore, Marcus English, Alisgair Esmail, Yakub Moosa Essack, Eoghan Farmer, Mutjaba Farooq, Madi Farrar, Leonard Farrugia, Beverley Faulkner, Sofiya Fedosyuk, Sally Felle, Shuo Feng, Carla Ferreira Da Silva, Samantha Field, Richard Fisher, Amy Flaxman, James Fletcher, Hazel Fofie, Henry Fok, Karen J. Ford, Jamie Fowler, Pedro H.A. Fraiman, Emma Francis, Marilia M. Franco, John Frater, Marilúcia S.M. Freire, Samantha H. Fry, Sabrina Fudge, Julie Furze, Michelle Fuskova, Pablo Galian-Rubio, Eva Galiza, Harriet Garlant, Madita Gavrila, Ailsa Geddes, Karyna A. Gibbons, Ciaran Gilbride, Hardeep Gill, Sharon Glynn, Kerry Godwin, Karishma Gokani, Ursula Carvalho Goldoni, Maria Goncalves, Isabela G.S. Gonzalez, Jayne Goodwin, Amina Goondiwala, Katherine Gordon-Quayle, Giacomo Gorini, Janet Grab, Lara Gracie, Melanie Greenland, Nicola Greenwood, Johann Greffrath, Marisa M. Groenewald, Leonardo Grossi, Gaurav Gupta, Mark Hackett, Bassam Hallis, Mainga Hamaluba, Elizabeth Hamilton, Joseph Hamlyn, Daniel Hammersley, Aidan T. Hanrath, Brama Hanumunthadu, Stephanie A. Harris, Clair Harris, Tara Harris, Thomas D. Harrison, Daisy Harrison, Thomas C. Hart, Birgit Hartnell, Shadin Hassan, John Haughney, Sophia Hawkins, Jodie Hay, Ian Head, John Henry, Macarena Hermosin Herrera, David B. Hettle, Jennifer Hill, Gina Hodges, Elizea Horne, Mimi M. Hou, Catherine Houlihan, Elizabeth Howe, Nicola Howell, Jonathan Humphreys, Holly E. Humphries, Katrina Hurley, Claire Huson, Angela Hyder-Wright, Catherine Hyams, Sabina Ikram, Alka Ishwarbhai, Monica Ivan, Poppy Iveson, Vidyashankara Iyer, Frederic Jackson, Jeanne De Jager, Shameem Jaumdally, Helen Jeffers, Natasha Jesudason, Bryony Jones, Kathryn Jones, Elizabeth Jones, Christopher Jones, Marianna Rocha Jorge, Aylin Jose, Amar Joshi, Eduardo A.M.S. Júnior, Joanne Kadziola, Reshma Kailath, Faeeza Kana, Konstantinos Karampatsas, Mwila Kasanyinga, Jade Keen, Elizabeth J. Kelly, Dearbhla M. Kelly, Debbie Kelly, Sarah Kelly, David Kerr, Renato de Ávila Kfouri, Liaquat Khan, Baktash Khozoee, Sarah Kidd, Annabel Killen, Jasmin Kinch, Patrick Kinch, Lloyd D.W. King, Thomas B. King, Lucy Kingham, Paul Klenerman, Francesca Knapper, Julian C. Knight, Daniel Knott, Stanislava Koleva, Matilda Lang, Gail Lang, Colin W. Larkworthy, Jessica P.J. Larwood, Rebecca Law, Erica M. Lazarus, Amanda Leach, Emily A. Lees, Nana-Marie Lemm, Alvaro Lessa, Stephanie Leung, Yuanyuan Li, Amelia M. Lias, Kostas Liatsikos, Aline Linder, Samuel Lipworth, Shuchang Liu, Xinxue Liu, Adam Lloyd, Stephanie Lloyd, Lisa Loew, Raquel Lopez Ramon, Leandro Lora, Vicki Lowthorpe, Kleber Luz, Jonathan C. MacDonald, Gordon MacGregor, Meera Madhavan, David O. Mainwaring, Edson Makambwa, Rebecca Makinson, Mookho Malahleha, Ross Malamatsho, Garry Mallett, Kushal Mansatta, Takalani Maoko, Katlego Mapetla, Natalie G. Marchevsky, Spyridoula Marinou, Emma Marlow, Gabriela N. Marques, Paula Marriott, Richard P. Marshall, Julia L. Marshall, Flávia J. Martins, Masebole Masenya, Mduduzi Masilela, Shauna K. Masters, Moncy Mathew, Hosea Matlebjane, Kedidimetse Matshidiso, Olga Mazur, Andrea Mazzella, Hugh McCaughan, Joanne McEwan, Joanna McGlashan, Lorna McInroy, Zoe McIntyre, Daniela McLenaghan, Nicky McRobert, Steve McSwiggan, Clare Megson, Savviz Mehdipour, Wilma Meijs, Renata N.Á. Mendonça, Alexander J. 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