HLA strongly influences HIV-1 disease progression. A major contributory mechanism is via the particular HLA-presented HIV-1 epitopes that are recognized by CD8+ T-cells. Different populations vary considerably in the HLA alleles expressed. We investigated the HLA-specific impact of the MRKAd5 HIV-1 Gag/Pol/Nef vaccine in a subset of the infected Phambili cohort in whom the disease-susceptible HLA-B*58:02 is highly prevalent.
Viral loads, CD4 counts and ELISPOT anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell responses for a subset of infected ART-naïve Phambili participants, selected according to sample availability, were analyzed.
Among those expressing disease-susceptible HLA-B*58:02, vaccinees had a lower chronic viral setpoint than placebo-recipients (median 7,240 versus 122,500 copies/ml, p=0.01), a 0.76log10 lower longitudinal viremia (p=0.01), and slower progression to CD4<350 cells/mm(3) (p=0.02). These differences were accompanied by higher Gag-specific breadth (4.5 versus 1 responses, p=0.04) and magnitude (2,300 versus 70 SFC/10(6) PBMC, p=0.06) in vaccinees versus placebo-recipients.
In addition to the known enhancement of HIV-1 acquisition resulting from the MRKAd5 HIV-1 vaccine, these findings in a non-randomized subset of enrolees show an HLA-specific vaccine effect on time to CD4 decline and viremia post-infection and the potential for vaccines to differentially alter disease outcome according to population HLA composition. (Registration: NCT00413725, DOH-27-0207-1539.).