Determination and Inference of Eukaryotic Transcription Factor Sequence Specificity

Matthew T. Weirauch, Ally Yang, Mihai Albu, Atina G. Cote, Alejandro Montenegro-Montero, Philipp Drewe, Hamed S. Najafabadi, Samuel A. Lambert, Ishminder Mann, Kate Cook, Hong Zheng, Alejandra Goity, Harm van Bakel, Jean-Claude Lozano, Mary Galli, Mathew G. Lewsey, Eryong Huang, Tuhin Mukherjee, Xiaoting Chen, John S. Reece-Hoyes, Sridhar Govindarajan, Gad Shaulsky, Albertha J.M. Walhout, François-Yves Bouget, Gunnar Ratsch, Luis F. Larrondo, Joseph R. Ecker, Timothy R. Hughes

Transcription factor (TF) DNA sequence preferences direct their regulatory activity, but are currently known for only ∼1% of eukaryotic TFs. Broadly sampling DNA-binding domain (DBD) types from multiple eukaryotic clades, we determined DNA sequence preferences for >1,000 TFs encompassing 54 different DBD classes from 131 diverse eukaryotes. We find that closely related DBDs almost always have very similar DNA sequence preferences, enabling inference of motifs for ∼34% of the ∼170,000 known or predicted eukaryotic TFs. Sequences matching both measured and inferred motifs are enriched in chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) peaks and upstream of transcription start sites in diverse eukaryotic lineages. SNPs defining expression quantitative trait loci in Arabidopsis promoters are also enriched for predicted TF binding sites. Importantly, our motif "library" can be used to identify specific TFs whose binding may be altered by human disease risk alleles. These data present a powerful resource for mapping transcriptional networks across eukaryotes.