Title |
Pain in photodynamic therapy: mechanism of action and management strategies
|
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Published in |
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, August 2012
|
DOI | 10.1590/s0365-05962012000400001 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Yuri Nogueira Chaves, Luis Antônio Torezan, Ane Beatriz Mautari Niwa, José Antônio Sanches, Ciro Festa Neto |
Abstract |
Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a photosensitizing drug and its subsequent activation by irradiation with a light source at wavelengths matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer. In many countries around the world, topical photodynamic therapy has been approved for treatment of cutaneous oncologic conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Multicenter, randomized, controlled studies have confirmed its efficacy and superior cosmetic outcomes compared to conventional therapies. Nevertheless, this therapeutic method presents some adverse effects, such as erythema, edema, pigmentation, pustules, and pain. There is no doubt that pain is the most severe of the adverse effects, being sometimes responsible for definitive treatment interruption. The pain mechanism has not yet been fully understood, which makes complete pain control a challenge to be conquered. In spite of that, this literature review presents some useful pain management strategies as well as the most important pain-related factors in photodynamic therapy. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United Kingdom | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 47 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 5 | 10% |
Student > Master | 4 | 8% |
Researcher | 4 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 3 | 6% |
Other | 12 | 25% |
Unknown | 11 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 19 | 40% |
Physics and Astronomy | 4 | 8% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 8% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 3 | 6% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 4% |
Other | 7 | 15% |
Unknown | 9 | 19% |