Title |
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Inhibitors: Rationale and Importance to Inhibiting These Pathways in Human Health
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Published in |
Oncotarget, March 2011
|
DOI | 10.18632/oncotarget.240 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
William H. Chappell, Linda S. Steelman, Jacquelyn M. Long, Ruth C. Kempf, Stephen L. Abrams, Richard A. Franklin, Jörg Bäsecke, Franca Stivala, Marco Donia, Paolo Fagone, Graziella Malaponte, Maria C. Mazzarino, Ferdinando Nicoletti, Massimo Libra, Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic, Sanja Mijatovic, Giuseppe Montalto, Melchiorre Cervello, Piotr Laidler, Michele Milella, Agostino Tafuri, Antonio Bonati, Camilla Evangelisti, Lucio Cocco, Alberto M. Martelli, James A. McCubrey |
Abstract |
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Integral components of these pathways, Ras, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are also activated/inactivated by mutations. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to chemotherapeutic drug resistance, proliferation of cancer initiating cells (CICs) and premature aging. This review will evaluate more recently described potential uses of MEK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors in the proliferation of malignant cells, suppression of CICs, cellular senescence and prevention of aging. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways play key roles in the regulation of normal and malignant cell growth. Inhibitors targeting these pathways have many potential uses from suppression of cancer, proliferative diseases as well as aging. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 1% |
Germany | 2 | <1% |
Italy | 2 | <1% |
Austria | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Belgium | 1 | <1% |
Other | 2 | <1% |
Unknown | 357 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 87 | 23% |
Researcher | 57 | 15% |
Student > Master | 51 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 43 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 23 | 6% |
Other | 46 | 12% |
Unknown | 66 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 88 | 24% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 87 | 23% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 55 | 15% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 14 | 4% |
Neuroscience | 9 | 2% |
Other | 36 | 10% |
Unknown | 84 | 23% |