Pediatric Primary Hypertension: An Underrecognized Condition: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Bonita Falkner, Samuel S. Gidding, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Tammy M. Brady, Joseph T. Flynn, Leslie M. Malle, Andrew M. South, Andrew H. Tran, Elaine M. Urbina, on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young; Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing

The overall prevalence of hypertension in childhood is 2% to 5%, and the leading type of childhood hypertension is primary hypertension, especially in adolescence. As in adults, the leading risk factors for children with primary hypertension are excess adiposity and suboptimal lifestyles; however, environmental stress, low birth weight, and genetic factors may also be important. Hypertensive children are highly likely to become hypertensive adults and to have measurable target organ injury, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular stiffening. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring may facilitate diagnosis. Primordial prevention of hypertension through public health implementation of healthier diet and increased physical activity will reduce the prevalence of primary hypertension, and evidence-based treatment guidelines should be implemented when hypertension is diagnosed. Further research to optimize recognition and diagnosis and clinical trials to better define outcomes of treatment are needed.