Extraction and Quantification of Bioactive Tyrian Purple Precursors: A Comparative and Validation Study from the Hypobranchial Gland of a Muricid Dicathais orbita
Muricidae are marine molluscs known for the production of Tyrian purple and bioactive precursor compounds. A validation study for the extraction and analysis of secondary metabolites found in the hypobranchial gland of the muricid Dicathais orbita is reported, using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with diode array detector (DAD). Quantification of the dominant secondary metabolites from D. orbita is described, followed by a comparison of solvent extraction procedures and stability studies. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) for tyrindoxyl sulphate was 0.46% and 0.17%, respectively. The quantification was linear for standards murexine, 6-bromoisatin, and tyrindoxyl sulphate. The limits of detection were 0.03, 0.004, and 0.07 mg/mL, respectively, and the limits of quantification were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.22 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that alcoholic solvents were better for extracting choline ester and indoxyl sulphate ultimate precursors, while chloroform was more suitable for the extraction of the intermediate precursors. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in extract composition according to the solvent used. Stability testing showed an increase of the oxidative compounds 6-bromoisatin and putative tyrindoxyl S-oxide sulphate in the ethanol extracts while more degradation products were seen in the chloroform extracts after months of cold storage. The validated method was found to be simple, reproducible, precise, and suitable for quantification of the secondary metabolites of muricid molluscs for dye precursor and nutraceutical quality control, as well as applications in marine chemical ecology.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science
1
5%
Other
3
14%
Unknown
6
29%
Attention Score in Context
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 5. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 July 2022.
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#7,780,247
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#4,325
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Outputs of similar age
#115,444
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Outputs of similar age from Molecules
#46
of 385 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 27,781,301 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 71st percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 25,062 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.7. This one has done well, scoring higher than 82% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 385 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 87% of its contemporaries.
