The magnitude of the suspected increase in risk of acute interstitial nephritis among proton pump inhibitor users is uncertain. Here, we conducted a nested case-control study using routinely collected national health and drug dispensing data in New Zealand to estimate the relative and absolute risks of acute interstitial nephritis resulting in hospitalization or death in users of proton pump inhibitors. The cohort included 572,661 patients without a history of interstitial nephritis or other renal diseases who started a new episode of proton pump inhibitor use between 2005 and 2009. Cases had a first diagnosis after cohort entry of acute interstitial nephritis confirmed by hospital discharge letter or death record, and renal histology (definite, 46 patients), or discharge letter or death record only (probable, 26 patients). Ten controls, matched by birth year and sex, were randomly selected for each case. In the case-control analysis based on definite cases and their controls, the unadjusted matched odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for current versus past use of proton pump inhibitors was 5.16 (2.21-12.05). The estimate was similar when all cases (definite and probable) and their corresponding controls were analyzed, and when potential confounders were added to the models. The crude incidence rates and confidence intervals per 100,000 person-years were 11.98 (9.11-15.47) and 1.68 (0.91-2.86) for current and past use, respectively. Thus, current use of a proton pump inhibitor was associated with a significantly increased risk of acute interstitial nephritis, relative to past use.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science
21
13%
Nursing and Health Professions
6
4%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences
3
2%
Environmental Science
2
1%
Other
9
6%
Unknown
50
31%
Attention Score in Context
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 23. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 01 January 2026.
All research outputs
#2,092,466
of 34,492,055 outputs
Outputs from Kidney International
#840
of 10,248 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#17,493
of 268,050 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Kidney International
#8
of 67 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 34,492,055 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 93rd percentile: it's in the top 10% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 10,248 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 11.2. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 268,050 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 93% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 67 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 88% of its contemporaries.
