Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a complex clonal hematological disorder classified among myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPNs). Prognosis is poor and there is a lack of effective treatments. The hypomethylating agent decitabine has shown activity against MDS and elderly acute myeloid leukemia, but there is little data focusing specifically on its efficacy in CMML. In this prospective, phase 2 Italian study, CMML patients received i.v. decitabine 20 mg/m(2)/day on Days 1 to 5 of a 28-day treatment cycle. Response was evaluated after 4 and 6 cycles; patients responding at the end of 6 cycles could continue treatment with decitabine. Forty-three patents were enrolled; >50% were high-risk according to four CMML-specific scoring systems. In the intent-to-treat population (n=42), the overall response rate after 6 cycles was 47.6%, with 7 complete responses (16.6%), 8 marrow responses (19%), 1 partial response (2.4%) and 4 hematological improvements (9.5%). After a median follow-up of 51.5 months (range: 44.4-57.2), median overall survival was 17 months, with responders having a significantly longer survival than non-responders (P=0.02). Grade 3/4 anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 28.6, 50 and 38% of patients, respectively. Decitabine appears to be an effective and well tolerated treatment for patients with high-risk CMML.Leukemia accepted article preview online, 13 June 2017. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.186.