Our previous study showed that the use of ricinoleic acid as an oil phase resulted in the formation of a stable pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel) with better thixotropic properties and higher permeation of ketoprofen than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. This study aims to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the ricinoleic acid PLO gel system with isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. Ketoprofen was used as a model drug. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity and cell viability tests were performed in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast cell line using a blank ricinoleic acid PLO and compared to that of the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of ricinoleic acid PLO gel containing 10% ketoprofen was evaluated and to that of the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The results from the in vitro study showed that the blank ricinoleic acid PLO gel possessed significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity than isopropyl palmitate PLO gel at 1mM concentration (p<0.05), while both the gel formulations had no significant cytotoxic activity. Further in vivo testing of the formulation showed that the ricinoleic acid PLO gel formulation was significantly more effective in reducing pain and edema when compared to the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. In addition, the ricinoleic acid PLO gel formulation markedly inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. In conclusion, the efficacy of PLO gels used in pain management may be enhanced by using ricinoleic acid instead of isopropyl palmitate as an oil phase.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science
9
16%
Medicine and Dentistry
8
14%
Nursing and Health Professions
3
5%
Immunology and Microbiology
3
5%
Chemical Engineering
2
4%
Other
6
11%
Unknown
25
45%
Attention Score in Context
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 30. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 04 August 2026.
All research outputs
#1,672,868
of 34,307,719 outputs
Outputs from International Journal of Pharmaceutics
#102
of 11,344 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#18,191
of 410,605 outputs
Outputs of similar age from International Journal of Pharmaceutics
#1
of 105 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 34,307,719 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 95th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 11,344 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.5. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 410,605 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 95% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 105 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.
