To profile vitreous cytokine expression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) patients.
Case-control study.
Liquid biopsies were collected from 2 groups: control subjects (n = 3) undergoing pars plana vitrectomy to remove an epiretinal membrane (ERM), and test subjects (n = 7) with varying degrees of PVR. A high-throughput cytokine screen measured expression of 200 cytokines. Cytokine expression patterns were prospectively validated in separate cohorts of control patients and those with PVR-A, PVR-B, and PVR-C (n = 10 for each group). Expression changes were evaluated by analysis of variance (significant P value < .05), hierarchical cluster algorithm, and pathway analysis, to identify candidate pathways for prospective studies.
In PVR vitreous, 29 cytokines were upregulated compared to controls. Early PVR vitreous showed upregulation of T-cell markers, profibrotic cytokines, and cytokines downstream of mTOR activation (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-13), whereas in late PVR vitreous, cytokines driving monocyte responses and stem-cell recruitment (SDF-1) prevailed. Prospective validation confirmed the differential expression of specific cytokines from PVR-A to C.
Early PVR is characterized by activation of T cells and mTOR signaling, whereas advanced PVR is characterized by a chronic monocyte response. PVR might be treated by rational repositioning of existing drugs that target mTOR and IL-6. Our analysis demonstrates that successful therapeutic intervention will be highly dependent on the specific therapeutic target and the stage of PVR. This study provides insights into cytokines that will serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These biomarkers will help design clinical trials that intervene at appropriate times.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 26 January 2018.
All research outputs
#16,463,812
of 28,505,400 outputs
Outputs from American Journal of Ophthalmology
#4,375
of 7,486 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#226,913
of 453,510 outputs
Outputs of similar age from American Journal of Ophthalmology
#46
of 92 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 28,505,400 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 41st percentile – i.e., 41% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 7,486 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.4. This one is in the 41st percentile – i.e., 41% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 453,510 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 49th percentile – i.e., 49% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 92 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 48th percentile – i.e., 48% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
