Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells were cultured in a medium supplemented with 0.01-1 ng/ml interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 18 h, fixed and analyzed on a flow cytometer. The percentage of apoptotic (AP) cells with hypodiploid DNA content was determined from DNA histograms. IL-4 at 0.01 ng/ml protected from spontaneous apoptosis of cells from previously treated CLL patients, but had very little effect on apoptotic death in cultures of cells from untreated patients. The number of AP cells in the absence of IL-4 was similar in cultures from treated and untreated patients. The concentration of IL-4 which inhibited spontaneous apoptosis by 50% was less than 0.01 ng/ml for pretreated patients and close to 1 ng/ml for untreated patients. Stage of the disease had no effect on the level of spontaneous apoptosis and its sensitivity to IL-4. Protection from apoptosis by IL-4 was not accompanied by the upregulation of bcl-2 protein. The number of AP cells in methylprednisolone hemisuccinate (MP) treated cultures from previously treated patients was significantly lower than in cultures from untreated patients in the presence of 0.01-1.0 ng/ml IL-4. Treatment with the combination L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM)+ fludarabine induced synergistic apoptotic response. Apoptosis induced by this combination was relatively resistant to IL-4 in patients treated with chlorambucil and prednisone, but not in patients previously treated with fludarabine. Protection from cytotoxicity by IL-4 may be one of the mechanisms of acquired drug resistance in CLL.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 6. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 28 September 2010.
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Altmetric has tracked 27,781,301 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 74th percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 2,294 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 4.3. This one has done well, scoring higher than 77% of its peers.
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