The insula and cingulate are key components of the central autonomic network and central nodes of the Salience Network (SN), a set of spatially distinct but temporally correlated brain regions identified using resting state (task-free) functional MRI (rsMRI). To examine the SN's involvement in sympathetic outflow, we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in intrinsic connectivity of the SN correlate positively with resting post-ganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) burst incidence (BI) in subjects without and with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Overnight polysomnography, 5-min rsMRI and fibular MSNA recording were performed in 36 subjects (mean age 57 years, 10 women). Independent component analysis (ICA) of the entire cohort identified the SN as including bilateral insula (IC), pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), mid cingulate cortex (MCC), and the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). There was a positive correlation between BI and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (p<0.001) but dual regression analysis identified no differences in SN functional connectivity between subjects with no or mild OSA (N=17) and moderate or severe (N=19) OSA. Correlation analysis relating BI to the strength of connectivity within the SN revealed large (i.e., spatial extent) and strong correlations for the left insula (p<0.001), right pgACC/MCC (p<0.006), left TPJ (p<0.004), thalamus (p<0.035) and cerebellum (p<0.013). Indices of sleep apnea were unrelated to BI and the strength of SN connectivity. There were no relationships between BI and default or sensorimotor network connectivity. This study links connectivity within the SN to MSNA, demonstrating several of its nodes to be key sympatho-excitatory regions.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 6. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 01 May 2023.
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