Maize (Zea mays) and Soybean (Glycine max) were used as model food-chain plants to explore vegetative uptake of differently charged multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Three types of MWCNTs, including neutral pristine MWCNT (p-MWCNT), positively charged MWCNT-NH2 and negatively charged MWCNT-COOH, were directly taken-up and translocated from hydroponic solution to roots, stems and leaves of the maize and soybean at the MWCNT concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 50.0 mg/L during 18-day exposures. MWCNTs accumulated in the xylem and phloem cells, and within specific intracellular sites like the cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast and mitochondria which was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MWCNTs stimulated the growth of maize and inhibited the growth of soybean at the exposed doses. The cumulative transpiration of water in maize exposed to 50 mg/L of MWCNT-COOHs was almost twice as much as that in the maize control. Dry biomass of maize exposed to MWCNTs was greater than that of maize control. In addition, the uptake and translocation of these MWCNTs clearly exhibited cellular, charge and size selectivity in maize and soybean, which could be important properties for nanotransporters. This is the first report of cellular, charge and size selectivity on the uptake by whole food plants for three differently charged MWCNTs.
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