To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of rose bengal- and riboflavin- mediated photodynamic therapy for inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates.
Experimental study METHODS: Two different multidrug-resistant, clinical MRSA isolates were grown on nutrient agar, prepared in suspension and adjusted to concentrations of 1.5 x 10(4) cfu/mL. Bacterial suspensions were mixed with rose bengal, riboflavin, or water according to experimental group. Tested in triplicate, groups included: Group I: MRSA control, Group II: MRSA with 0.1% rose bengal, Group III: MRSA with 0.03% rose bengal, and Group IV: MRSA with 0.1% riboflavin. All experimental groups were exposed to three lighting conditions: dark, ambient room light for 30 minutes, and 5.4 J/cm(2) with either green light-emitting diode (LED) or ultra violet- A (UV-A) irradiation. Plates were photographed at 72 hours and custom software measured bacterial growth inhibition.
Complete growth inhibition of both MRSA strains was demonstrated (1) for both rose bengal concentrations under ambient and green LED irradiation, and (2) for the 0.1% rose bengal in the dark. 0.03% rose bengal in dark conditions showed complete inhibition of strain 2, but incomplete inhibition of strain 1. Riboflavin showed almost complete inhibition with UV-A irradiation, but demonstrated minimal inhibition for both strains in dark and ambient light conditions.
Rose bengal and riboflavin mediated photodynamic therapy demonstrated complete growth inhibition in vitro of two multidrug resistant MRSA strains. Rose bengal was also effective in dark and ambient conditions. These results may have implications for in vivo therapy.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 12. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 23 June 2026.
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Altmetric has tracked 33,992,632 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 88th percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 8,715 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.4. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 111 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its contemporaries.
