During visceral leishmaniasis (VL), Th1-based inflammation is induced to control intracellular parasites. Inflammation-based pathology was shown to be dampened by IL-10 and eventual programmed death 1-mediated T cell exhaustion. Cell type(s) responsible for the initiation of T cell-produced IL-10 during VL are unknown. CD19(+), CD5(-), CD1d(-), IgD(hi)regulatory B cells from healthy controls produced IL-10 in the absence of infection or stimulation, in contrast to IgD(lo/neg)B cells. IgD(hi)B cells may have a de novo versus induced regulatory program. The population of IgD(hi)B cells increased 3-fold as VL progressed. B cells from VL dogs were necessary and sufficient to suppress Th1 cell effector function. IgD(hi)B cells induced IL-10 production by T cells and IgD(lo)B cells. Blockage of B cell-specific PD-L1 restored Th1 responses. IgD(hi)regulatory B cells represent a novel regulatory B cell that may precipitate T cell exhaustion during VL.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 15. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 23 April 2026.
All research outputs
#3,010,365
of 32,799,743 outputs
Outputs from The Journal of Immunology
#1,418
of 33,817 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#36,980
of 331,855 outputs
Outputs of similar age from The Journal of Immunology
#18
of 237 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 32,799,743 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 90th percentile: it's in the top 10% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 33,817 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.3. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 95% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 331,855 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done well, scoring higher than 88% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 237 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its contemporaries.
