Cachexia is a prevalent pathological condition associated with chronic heart failure. Its occurrence predicts increased morbidity and mortality independent of important clinical variables such as age, ventricular function, or heart failure functional class. The clinical consequences of cachexia are dependent on both weight loss and systemic inflammation, which accompany cachexia development. Skeletal muscle wasting is an important component of cachexia; it often precedes cachexia development and predicts poor outcome in heart failure. Cachexia clinically affects several organs and systems. It is a multifactorial condition where underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely understood making it difficult to develop specific prevention and treatment therapies. Preventive strategies have largely focused on muscle mass preservation. Different treatment options have been described, mostly in small clinical studies or experimental settings. These include nutritional support, neurohormonal blockade, reducing intestinal bacterial translocation, anemia and iron deficiency treatment, appetite stimulants, immunomodulatory agents, anabolic hormones, and physical exercise regimens. Currently, nonpharmacological therapy such as nutritional support and physical exercise are considered central to cachexia prevention and treatment. Resumo Caquexia é condição patológica prevalente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) associada. Sua ocorrência constitui marcador de gravidade da doença e está associada a aumento da morbidade e mortalidade independentemente de variáveis clínicas importantes como idade, função ventricular ou classe funcional da IC. As consequências clínicas da caquexia dependem tanto da perda de peso como da inflamação sistêmica que acompanha seu desenvolvimento. Perda da musculatura esquelética é importante componente da caquexia; ela frequentemente precede o desenvolvimento desta condição e está associada a mau prognóstico da IC. A caquexia afeta vários órgãos e sistemas. Sua origem é multifatorial; como os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos em seu desenvolvimento não estão completamente entendidos, há grande dificuldade no desenvolvimento de terapia específica para a prevenção e tratamento. Estratégias para a prevenção visam, principalmente, a preservação da massa muscular. Diferentes opções de tratamento têm sido descritas, a maioria delas avaliada em estudos experimentais ou pequenos estudos clínicos. Estas incluem suporte nutricional, bloqueio de sistemas neuro-hormonais, redução de translocação bacteriana intestinal, tratamento da anemia e ferrodeficiência, estimulantes de apetite, agentes imunomodulatórios, hormônios anabólicos, e diferentes programas de exercícios físicos. Atualmente, a terapia não farmacológica como o suporte nutricional e exercícios físicos tem sido considerada de grande importância na prevenção e tratamento da caquexia associada à IC.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 11. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 08 December 2023.
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