Title |
Improving basic and translational science by accounting for litter-to-litter variation in animal models
|
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Published in |
BMC Neuroscience, March 2013
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DOI | 10.1186/1471-2202-14-37 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Stanley E Lazic, Laurent Essioux |
Abstract |
Animals from the same litter are often more alike compared with animals from different litters. This litter-to-litter variation, or "litter effects", can influence the results in addition to the experimental factors of interest. Furthermore, sometimes an experimental treatment can only be applied to whole litters rather than to individual offspring. An example is the valproic acid (VPA) model of autism, where VPA is administered to pregnant females thereby inducing the disease phenotype in the offspring. With this type of experiment the sample size is the number of litters and not the total number of offspring. If such experiments are not appropriately designed and analysed, the results can be severely biased as well as extremely underpowered. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 4 | 40% |
Canada | 2 | 20% |
Unknown | 4 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Scientists | 5 | 50% |
Members of the public | 4 | 40% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Chile | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Hong Kong | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 220 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 59 | 26% |
Researcher | 32 | 14% |
Student > Master | 32 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 17 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 11 | 5% |
Other | 32 | 14% |
Unknown | 43 | 19% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 50 | 22% |
Neuroscience | 36 | 16% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 29 | 13% |
Psychology | 16 | 7% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 8 | 4% |
Other | 26 | 12% |
Unknown | 61 | 27% |