Title |
Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control
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Published in |
Nature Communications, December 2012
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DOI | 10.1038/ncomms2241 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Lucy C. Okell, Teun Bousema, Jamie T. Griffin, André Lin Ouédraogo, Azra C. Ghani, Chris J. Drakeley |
Abstract |
Malaria parasite prevalence in endemic populations is an essential indicator for monitoring the progress of malaria control, and has traditionally been assessed by microscopy. However, surveys increasingly use sensitive molecular methods that detect higher numbers of infected individuals, questioning our understanding of the true infection burden and resources required to reduce it. Here we analyse a series of data sets to characterize the distribution and epidemiological factors associated with low-density, submicroscopic infections. We show that submicroscopic parasite carriage is common in adults, in low-endemic settings and in chronic infections. We find a strong, non-linear relationship between microscopy and PCR prevalence in population surveys (n=106), and provide a tool to relate these measures. When transmission reaches very low levels, submicroscopic carriers are estimated to be the source of 20-50% of all human-to-mosquito transmissions. Our findings challenge the idea that individuals with little previous malaria exposure have insufficient immunity to control parasitaemia and suggest a role for molecular screening. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 2 | 33% |
Spain | 1 | 17% |
United States | 1 | 17% |
Belgium | 1 | 17% |
Unknown | 1 | 17% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 3 | 50% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 33% |
Scientists | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
Tanzania, United Republic of | 2 | <1% |
United States | 2 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Ghana | 1 | <1% |
Burkina Faso | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Thailand | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 427 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 91 | 21% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 78 | 18% |
Student > Master | 73 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 30 | 7% |
Other | 20 | 5% |
Other | 66 | 15% |
Unknown | 82 | 19% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 107 | 24% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 80 | 18% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 41 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 25 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 14 | 3% |
Other | 68 | 15% |
Unknown | 105 | 24% |