Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Ryan M Barber, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Lalit Dandona, Peter W Gething, Simon I Hay, Yohannes Kinfu, Heidi J Larson, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, Alan D Lopez, Rafael Lozano, George A Mensah, Ali H Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Christine Pinho, Joshua A Salomon, Caitlyn Steiner, Theo Vos, Haidong Wang, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Mahmud A Abdallat, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Ibrahim Abubakar, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Tom Achoki, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Arnav Agarwal, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Oluremi N Ajala, Tomi F Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore K M Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed Aldhahri, Robert William Aldridge, Samia Alhabib, Raghib Ali, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Elena Alvarez Martin, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Alemayehu Amberbir, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Walid Ammar, Stephen Marc Amrock, Hjalte H Andersen, Gregory M Anderson, Rose Mayerline Antoine, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun Aregay, Johan Ärnlöv, Megha Arora, Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Suleman Atique, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Peter Azzopardi, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Maria C Bahit, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Haidong Wang, Bedi, Tolesa Bekele, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Boris Bikbov, Aref A Bin Abdulhak, Brian J Biroscak, Stan Biryukov, Donal Bisanzio, Espen Bjertness, Jed D Blore, Michael Brainin, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Traolach S Brugha, Zahid A Butt, Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan Jesus Carrero, Austin Carter, Daniel C Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ruben Estanislao Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Fiorella Cavalleri, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Laxmikant Chavan, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Matthew M Coates, Megan Coggeshall, Valentina Colistro, Samantha M Colquhoun, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Monica Cortinovis, Tukur Dahiru, Albertino Damasceno, Hadi Danawi, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Diego De Leo, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Amare Deribew, Don C Des Jarlais, Samath D Dharmaratne, Daniel J Dicker, Eric L Ding, Edem Dossou, Manisha Dubey, Beth E Ebel, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Iqbal Elyazar, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha, André Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Joao C Fernandes, Florian Fischer, Joseph R A Fitchett, Tom Fleming, Nataliya Foigt, Elisabeth Barboza Franca, Richard C Franklin, Maya S Fraser, Joseph Friedman, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Neal D Futran, Ketevan Gambashidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Teshome Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Mengistu Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Johanna M Geleijnse, Katherine B Gibney, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Maurice Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Elizabeth Glaser, Shifalika Goenka, Hector Gomez-Dantes, Philimon Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Nicholas Graetz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Jamie Hancock, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Kimani M Harun, Rasmus Havmoeller, Hans W Hoek, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Damian G Hoy, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, Hsiang Huang, John J Huang, Inge Huybrechts, Chantal Huynh, Marissa Iannarone, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Bulat T Idrisov, Veena J Iyer, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Sun Ha Jee, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Vivekanand Jha, Guohong Jiang, Ying Jiang, Tariku Jibat, Jost B Jonas, Zubair Kabir, Ritul Kamal, Haidong Kan, André Karch, Dimitris Karletsos, Amir Kasaeian, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda, Konstantin Kazanjan, Dhruv S Kazi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Andrew Haddon Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Maia Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Abdur Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Irma Khonelidze, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Yun Jin Kim, Miia Kivipelto, Luke D Knibbs, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Andreas A Kudom, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Chanda Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Michael J Kutz, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Lam, Hector Lamadrid-Figueroa, Qing Lan, Anders Larsson, Dennis Odai Laryea, James Leigh, Ricky Leung, Yichong Li, Yongmei Li, Steven E Lipshultz, Patrick Y Liu, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Belinda K Lloyd, Paulo A Lotufo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Stefan Ma, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Marek Majdan, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Chabila C Mapoma, Wagner Marcenes, David Joel Margolis, Neal Marquez, Felix Masiye, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Amanda J Mason-Jones, Tasara T Mazorodze, Peter A Meaney, Alem Mehari, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu B Mekonnen, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Ted R Miller, Edward J Mills, Mojde Mirarefin, Awoke Misganaw, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Glen Liddell D Mola, Lorenzo Monasta, Jonathan de la Cruz Monis, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Pablo Montero, Marcella Montico, Meghan D Mooney, Ami R Moore, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Ulrich O Mueller, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas Murthy, Jean B Nachega, Aliya Naheed, Luigi Naldi, Devina Nand, Vinay Nangia, Denis Nash, Subas Neupane, John N Newton, Marie Ng, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Peter Nguhiu, Grant Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Marika Nomura, Ole F Norheim, Rosana E Norman, Luke Nyakarahuka, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Foluke Adetola Ojelabi, Pedro R Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Erika Ota, Abayomi Samuel Oyekale, PA Mahesh, Amanda Pain, Nikolaos Papantoniou, Eun-Kee Park, Hye-Youn Park, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Scott B Patten, Vinod K Paul, David M Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Julian David Pillay, Farhad Pishgar, Suzanne Polinder, Daniel Pope, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Thara Rangaswamy, Paturi Vishnupriya Rao, Amany H Refaat, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Serge Resnikoff, David Rojas-Rueda, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ambuj Roy, George Mugambage Ruhago, Rajesh Sagar, Muhammad Muhammad Saleh, Juan R Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Itamar S Santos, Joao Vascos Santos, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Monika Sawhney, Mete I Saylan, Ione J C Schneider, David C Schwebel, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson E Servan-Mori, Tesfaye Setegn, Katya A Shackelford, Masood Ali Shaikh, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin Shen, Kenji Shibuya, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Naris Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jonathan I Silverberg, Edgar P Simard, Shireen Sindi, Abhishek Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Om Prakash Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Virendra Singh, Vegard Skirbekk, Amber Sligar, Karen Sliwa, Jessica M Smith, Samir Soneji, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B Soriano, Sergey Soshnikov, Luciano A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Lela Sturua, Bruno F Sunguya, Soumya Swaminathan, Bryan L Sykes, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M Tabb, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Bineyam Taye, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Worku Mekonnen Tefera, Tesfaye Tekle, Girma Temam Shifa, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Alan J Thomson, Andrew L Thorne-Lyman, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Roman Topor-Madry, Jeffrey Allen Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Abera Kenay Tura, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N Ukwaja, Olalekan A Uthman, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Francesco S Violante, Sergey K Vladimirov, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Joseph A Wagner, Linhong Wang, Scott Weichenthal, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Tissa Wijeratne, James D Wilkinson, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Charles D A Wolfe, Timothy Wolock, Sungho Won, Mamo Wubshet, Qingyang Xiao, Gelin Xu, Ajit Kumar Yadav, Bereket Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew, Yuichiro Yano, Henock Gebremedhin Yebyo, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Shicheng Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Hajo Zeeb, Yi Zhao, Yong Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Christopher J L Murray