| Title |
1970s and ‘Patient 0’ HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Nature, October 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1038/nature19827 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Michael Worobey, Thomas D. Watts, Richard A. McKay, Marc A. Suchard, Timothy Granade, Dirk E. Teuwen, Beryl A. Koblin, Walid Heneine, Philippe Lemey, Harold W. Jaffe |
| Abstract |
The emergence of HIV-1 group M subtype B in North American men who have sex with men was a key turning point in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Phylogenetic studies have suggested cryptic subtype B circulation in the United States (US) throughout the 1970s and an even older presence in the Caribbean. However, these temporal and geographical inferences, based upon partial HIV-1 genomes that postdate the recognition of AIDS in 1981, remain contentious and the earliest movements of the virus within the US are unknown. We serologically screened >2,000 1970s serum samples and developed a highly sensitive approach for recovering viral RNA from degraded archival samples. Here, we report eight coding-complete genomes from US serum samples from 1978-1979-eight of the nine oldest HIV-1 group M genomes to date. This early, full-genome 'snapshot' reveals that the US HIV-1 epidemic exhibited extensive genetic diversity in the 1970s but also provides strong evidence for its emergence from a pre-existing Caribbean epidemic. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses estimate the jump to the US at around 1970 and place the ancestral US virus in New York City with 0.99 posterior probability support, strongly suggesting this was the crucial hub of early US HIV/AIDS diversification. Logistic growth coalescent models reveal epidemic doubling times of 0.86 and 1.12 years for the US and Caribbean, respectively, suggesting rapid early expansion in each location. Comparisons with more recent data reveal many of these insights to be unattainable without archival, full-genome sequences. We also recovered the HIV-1 genome from the individual known as 'Patient 0' (ref. 5) and found neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole. We discuss the genesis and persistence of this belief in the light of these evolutionary insights. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 644 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 161 | 25% |
| United Kingdom | 44 | 7% |
| Canada | 24 | 4% |
| France | 22 | 3% |
| Spain | 18 | 3% |
| Germany | 15 | 2% |
| Mexico | 14 | 2% |
| Australia | 13 | 2% |
| Netherlands | 8 | 1% |
| Other | 93 | 14% |
| Unknown | 232 | 36% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 428 | 66% |
| Scientists | 161 | 25% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 39 | 6% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 16 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 523 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 6 | 1% |
| United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
| France | 2 | <1% |
| Uganda | 1 | <1% |
| Germany | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Italy | 1 | <1% |
| Norway | 1 | <1% |
| Canada | 1 | <1% |
| Other | 3 | <1% |
| Unknown | 503 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 94 | 18% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 87 | 17% |
| Student > Bachelor | 81 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 61 | 12% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 35 | 7% |
| Other | 86 | 16% |
| Unknown | 79 | 15% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 110 | 21% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 99 | 19% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 73 | 14% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 42 | 8% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 16 | 3% |
| Other | 80 | 15% |
| Unknown | 103 | 20% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2456. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 06 February 2024.
All research outputs
#3,209
of 25,718,113 outputs
Outputs from Nature
#331
of 98,574 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#30
of 322,034 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Nature
#3
of 1,039 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,718,113 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 99th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 98,574 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 102.7. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 322,034 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 1,039 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.