Amino Acid Specific Stable Nitrogen Isotope Values in Avian Tissues: Insights from Captive American Kestrels and Wild Herring Gulls

C. E. Hebert, B. N. Popp, K. J. Fernie, C. Ka’apu-Lyons, B. A. Rattner, N. Wallsgrove

Through laboratory and field studies, the utility of amino acid compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis (AA-CSIA) in avian studies is investigated. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed an isotopically-characterized diet were sacrificed and patterns in δ(15)N values of amino acids (AAs) were compared in their tissues (muscle, red blood cells) and food. Based upon nitrogen isotope discrimination between diet and kestrel tissues, AAs could mostly be categorized as source AAs (retaining baseline δ(15)N values) and trophic AAs (showing (15)N enrichment). Trophic discrimination factors based upon source (phenylalanine, Phe) and trophic (glutamic acid, Glu) AAs were 4.1 (muscle) and 5.4 (red blood cells); lower than reported for metazoan invertebrates. In a field study involving omnivorous herring gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus),egg AA isotopic patterns largely retained those observed in the laying female's tissues (muscle, red blood cells, liver). Realistic estimates of gull trophic position were obtained using bird Glu and Phe δ(15)N values combined with β-values (difference in Glu and Phe δ(15)N in primary producers) for aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Egg fatty acids were used to weight β-values for proportions of aquatic and terrestrial food in gull diets. This novel approach can be applied to generalist species that feed across ecosystem boundaries.