Title |
Stretchable, Transparent, Ionic Conductors
|
---|---|
Published in |
Science, August 2013
|
DOI | 10.1126/science.1240228 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Christoph Keplinger, Jeong-Yun Sun, Choon Chiang Foo, Philipp Rothemund, George M. Whitesides, Zhigang Suo |
Abstract |
Existing stretchable, transparent conductors are mostly electronic conductors. They limit the performance of interconnects, sensors, and actuators as components of stretchable electronics and soft machines. We describe a class of devices enabled by ionic conductors that are highly stretchable, fully transparent to light of all colors, and capable of operation at frequencies beyond 10 kilohertz and voltages above 10 kilovolts. We demonstrate a transparent actuator that can generate large strains and a transparent loudspeaker that produces sound over the entire audible range. The electromechanical transduction is achieved without electrochemical reaction. The ionic conductors have higher resistivity than many electronic conductors; however, when large stretchability and high transmittance are required, the ionic conductors have lower sheet resistance than all existing electronic conductors. |
Twitter Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 36% |
United Kingdom | 3 | 27% |
Germany | 1 | 9% |
Unknown | 3 | 27% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 6 | 55% |
Scientists | 5 | 45% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 19 | 2% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
France | 3 | <1% |
India | 3 | <1% |
Austria | 2 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
Japan | 2 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Other | 4 | <1% |
Unknown | 1164 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 343 | 28% |
Researcher | 170 | 14% |
Student > Master | 161 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 85 | 7% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 73 | 6% |
Other | 155 | 13% |
Unknown | 217 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Engineering | 402 | 33% |
Materials Science | 224 | 19% |
Chemistry | 124 | 10% |
Physics and Astronomy | 70 | 6% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 32 | 3% |
Other | 80 | 7% |
Unknown | 272 | 23% |